Education under Dilma

2nd term (2015–2016)

In 2015 public education spending was 6.2% of GDP, and the gross tertiary enrollment ratio went from 47.8% in 2014 to 49.0% in 2016. The period had a recession, a freeze on MEC spending in early 2015 and tighter Fies rules.

This visualization is descriptive and does not show that a government caused the change. See the methodology.

What started

Science, technology and innovation amendment

2015-02-26 · Emenda Constitucional 85/2015 · Not yet checked against the official record · Record on the education page

Updates the constitutional text to ease cooperation among the state, universities and firms in science, technology and innovation.

Source: www.planalto.gov.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.2 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 132.6 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices): 153.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 49.1 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 101.1 %
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.5 years
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.3 %
Brazilian Inclusion Law

2015-07-06 · Lei 13.146/2015 · Not yet checked against the official record

Establishes inclusive education and accessibility obligations at all levels.

Source: www.planalto.gov.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.2 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 132.6 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices): 153.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 49.1 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 101.1 %
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.5 years
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.3 %
Legal framework for science, technology and innovation

2016-01-11 · Lei 13.243/2016 · Not yet checked against the official record · Record on the education page

Simplifies cooperation rules, researcher mobility and procurement for public research institutions.

Source: www.planalto.gov.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.3 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 131.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices): 147.3 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 49.0 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 102.7 %
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.7 years
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.2 %

Cuts, withholdings and limits

Tightening of Fies rules

2015 · Cut · Not yet checked against the official record

Higher interest and a minimum Enem score, with a non-zero essay, for new contracts reduced new Fies contracts; the recession also reduced demand (figures differ across sources and were not checked).

Source: agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.2 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 132.6 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices): 153.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 49.1 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 101.1 %
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.5 years
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.3 %
Withholding of the MEC budget

2015-05-22 · Withholding (contingenciamento) · Decreto 8.456/2015 · Not yet checked against the official record

The May 2015 budget programming decree limited discretionary spending within the fiscal adjustment, and the press reported a freeze of billions of reais at MEC, revised over the year. Block amounts differ across sources and were not checked against the decree. In execution, federal education spending, at constant prices and in billions of reais, was paid at 134.1 in 2014 and 132.6 in 2015, and committed at 157.8 and 153.8.

Source: www.planalto.gov.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.2 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 132.6 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices): 153.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 49.1 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 101.1 %
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.5 years
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.3 %

Change in the series over the period

From the year before the start to the last year of the period, with an optional lag. Compare with Latin America and neighbors: if all moved together, the change is probably not a government's doing.

Absolute change in the series unit (p.p. = percentage points); relative change, in %, only where shown.

no lag

Indicator	Window	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico	Latin America & Caribbean
Government expenditure on education (% of GDP) %	2014–2015	+0.3 p.p.	+0.4 p.p.	+0.2 p.p.	−0.2 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.2 p.p.
Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2014–2015	−1.5 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2014–2015	−4.0 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2014–2015	+1.3 p.p.	+2.7 p.p.	+2.8 p.p.	+1.6 p.p.	+0.8 p.p.	+1.3 p.p.
Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2014–2015	−1.7 p.p.	+1.5 p.p.	+1.1 p.p.	+0.3 p.p.	+3.7 p.p.	+0.2 p.p.
Mean years of schooling (UNDP) years	2014–2015	+0.1 yrs	+0.0 yrs	+0.1 yrs	+0.1 yrs	+0.2 yrs	no data
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) %	2014–2015	+0.0 p.p.	+0.0 p.p.	+0.0 p.p.	+0.1 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.

1-year lag

Indicator	Window	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico	Latin America & Caribbean
Government expenditure on education (% of GDP) %	2015–2016 *	+0.1 p.p.	−0.2 p.p.	+0.5 p.p.	+0.0 p.p.	−0.3 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.
Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2015–2016 *	−0.8 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2015–2016 *	−6.5 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2015–2016 *	−0.1 p.p.	+2.9 p.p.	+2.4 p.p.	+2.3 p.p.	+6.6 p.p.	+2.0 p.p.
Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2015–2016 *	+1.6 p.p.	+2.1 p.p.	+0.6 p.p.	+0.7 p.p.	+1.9 p.p.	+1.0 p.p.
Mean years of schooling (UNDP) years	2015–2016 *	+0.2 yrs	+0.0 yrs	+0.2 yrs	+0.2 yrs	0.0 yrs	no data
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) %	2015–2016 *	−0.1 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.

2-year lag

Indicator	Window	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico	Latin America & Caribbean
Government expenditure on education (% of GDP) %	2016–2017 *	+0.0 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.	+0.1 p.p.	+0.1 p.p.	−0.4 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.
Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2016–2017 *	+1.2 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2016–2017 *	−0.1 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2016–2017 *	+1.8 p.p.	+2.7 p.p.	+1.1 p.p.	+1.3 p.p.	+1.7 p.p.	+1.4 p.p.
Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2016–2017 *	+0.3 p.p.	+0.8 p.p.	+0.8 p.p.	+0.8 p.p.	+2.2 p.p.	+0.5 p.p.
Mean years of schooling (UNDP) years	2016–2017 *	+0.1 yrs	+0.1 yrs	+0.2 yrs	+0.1 yrs	+0.1 yrs	no data
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) %	2016–2017 *	−0.1 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.

Pace before and during the government

Yearly change in this window, against the same length immediately before. Talk of a change in pace only when the series moved differently before; even then it does not say why. If Latin America changed pace together, the cause is probably not the government.

Indicator	Before	During	Latin America & Caribbean: before → during
Government expenditure on education (% of GDP) per year	+0.11 p.p. (2013–2014)	+0.29 p.p. (2014–2015)	−0.19 p.p. → −0.24 p.p.
Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population) per year	+2.82 p.p. (2013–2014)	+1.27 p.p. (2014–2015)	+1.64 p.p. → +1.29 p.p.
Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population) per year	−1.31 p.p. (2013–2014)	−1.69 p.p. (2014–2015)	+0.11 p.p. → +0.21 p.p.
Mean years of schooling (UNDP) per year	+0.09 yrs (2013–2014)	+0.13 yrs (2014–2015)	no data
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) per year	+0.07 p.p. (2013–2014)	+0.01 p.p. (2014–2015)	+0.04 p.p. → −0.02 p.p.

Government expenditure on education (% of GDP)

Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Mexico

%. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 1995–2022 (25 years); Argentina: 1975–2023 (41 years); Chile: 1975–2022 (35 years); Colombia: 1979–2020 (29 years); Mexico: 1989–2022 (30 years).

Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

View the data as a table

Year	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico
1975	–	1.8	3.5	–	–
1976	–	1.2	–	–	–
1977	–	1.7	–	–	–
1978	–	1.9	3.0	–	–
1979	–	2.4	3.4	1.8	–
1980	–	2.6	4.1	1.7	–
1981	–	–	4.8	2.6	–
1982	–	1.6	–	–	–
1983	–	1.6	–	–	–
1984	–	2.6	–	3.0	–
1985	–	1.4	–	2.7	–
1986	–	1.3	–	–	–
1987	–	1.3	2.8	–	–
1989	–	1.0	–	2.7	2.3
1990	–	1.1	2.2	–	2.3
1991	–	–	–	–	2.5
1992	–	–	–	–	3.0
1993	–	–	2.4	–	–
1994	–	–	2.5	–	3.5
1995	4.6	–	2.6	–	3.5
1996	–	3.7	2.8	–	–
1997	–	–	3.0	–	–
1998	4.8	4.0	3.3	3.9	3.2
1999	3.8	4.5	3.7	4.4	3.4
2000	3.9	4.6	3.8	3.5	3.8
2001	3.8	4.8	–	3.7	4.0
2002	3.8	4.0	4.0	4.3	4.2
2003	–	3.5	3.9	4.3	4.8
2004	4.0	3.5	3.5	4.1	4.5
2005	4.5	3.9	3.3	4.0	4.6
2006	4.9	4.1	3.0	3.9	4.5
2007	5.0	4.5	3.2	4.1	4.5
2008	5.3	4.8	3.8	3.9	4.6
2009	5.5	5.5	4.3	4.8	4.9
2010	5.6	5.0	4.2	4.8	4.9
2011	5.7	5.3	4.1	4.5	4.9
2012	5.9	5.3	–	4.4	4.9
2013	5.8	5.4	4.5	4.9	4.5
2014	5.9	5.4	4.8	4.6	5.1
2015	6.2	5.8	4.9	4.5	5.1
2016	6.3	5.5	5.4	4.5	4.8
2017	6.3	5.5	5.4	4.5	4.4
2018	6.1	4.9	5.5	4.4	4.1
2019	6.0	4.8	5.6	4.5	–
2020	5.8	5.3	5.6	5.3	4.5
2021	5.5	4.7	5.0	–	4.2
2022	5.6	4.8	4.9	–	4.1
2023	–	5.0	–	–	–

† series break

Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices)

R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 2014–2025. No data in this source: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico.

Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): Source: National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version: DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: ODbL-1.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil
2014	134.1
2015	132.6
2016	131.8
2017	133.0
2018	126.5
2019	118.0
2020	106.2
2021	107.6
2022	114.3
2023	130.2
2024	131.9
2025	148.5

† series break

Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices)

Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices): Source: National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version: DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: ODbL-1.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil
2014	157.8
2015	153.8
2016	147.3
2017	147.2
2018	142.4
2019	141.9
2020	128.9
2021	127.6
2022	135.0
2023	153.5
2024	159.3
2025	176.0

† series break

Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population)

Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Mexico

%. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 2012–2024 (12 years); Argentina: 1975–2023 (41 years); Chile: 2000–2024 (24 years); Colombia: 2000–2022 (22 years); Mexico: 2000–2024.

Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico
1975	–	26.9	–	–	–
1976	–	26.9	–	–	–
1977	–	24.0	–	–	–
1978	–	21.2	–	–	–
1979	–	22.0	–	–	–
1980	–	21.6	–	–	–
1981	–	23.0	–	–	–
1982	–	23.7	–	–	–
1983	–	24.8	–	–	–
1984	–	28.7	–	–	–
1985	–	35.7	–	–	–
1986	–	37.8	–	–	–
1987	–	39.8	–	–	–
1991	–	38.3	–	–	–
1994	–	37.4	–	–	–
1998	–	48.0	–	–	–
1999	–	49.5	–	–	–
2000	–	54.1	35.4	25.5	20.5
2001	–	58.5	–	26.4	21.4
2002	–	61.7	40.3	26.5	22.3
2003	–	64.0	43.5	–	23.0
2004	–	64.6	44.3	29.5	23.7
2005	–	63.5	50.3	32.3	24.1
2006	–	66.9	49.3	34.4	24.6
2007	–	66.7	54.7	35.5	25.1
2008	–	68.6	56.8	37.9	25.8
2009	–	70.7	60.0	39.5	26.2
2010	–	73.8	66.3	41.5	27.2
2011	–	77.0	70.8	45.3	28.0
2012	43.8	78.1	75.1	47.5	29.3
2013	45.0	78.6	79.9	50.7	30.3
2014	47.8	81.1	83.7	53.2	31.2
2015	49.1	83.8	86.4	54.8	32.0
2016	49.0	86.7	88.8	57.1	38.6
2017	50.7	89.3	89.9	58.4	40.3
2018	52.1	91.1	91.2	57.3	41.6
2019	53.6	95.2	92.1	56.7	43.0
2020	55.5	99.4	89.1	55.7	45.2
2021	57.6	107.2	96.2	58.3	45.7
2022	61.0	107.1	99.3	59.3	46.4
2023	–	107.8	104.7	–	47.5
2024	69.7	–	110.2	–	48.2

† series break

Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population)

Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Mexico

%. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 2012–2024 (12 years); Argentina: 1975–2023 (45 years); Chile: 2000–2024 (24 years); Colombia: 2000–2022 (21 years); Mexico: 2000–2024.

Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico
1975	–	54.1	–	–	–
1976	–	55.4	–	–	–
1977	–	55.1	–	–	–
1978	–	55.0	–	–	–
1979	–	55.1	–	–	–
1980	–	56.2	–	–	–
1981	–	57.6	–	–	–
1982	–	59.6	–	–	–
1983	–	60.4	–	–	–
1984	–	66.0	–	–	–
1985	–	70.6	–	–	–
1986	–	70.5	–	–	–
1987	–	70.3	–	–	–
1988	–	70.9	–	–	–
1990	–	73.0	–	–	–
1991	–	74.1	–	–	–
1994	–	70.9	–	–	–
1996	–	78.5	–	–	–
1997	–	74.5	–	–	–
1998	–	80.7	–	–	–
1999	–	92.3	–	–	–
2000	–	96.2	86.9	76.4	71.1
2001	–	97.6	–	–	72.9
2002	–	97.0	89.4	78.2	75.1
2003	–	96.0	90.6	–	78.6
2004	–	95.5	91.0	83.0	79.8
2005	–	93.6	92.0	87.0	80.6
2006	–	92.4	92.0	90.3	82.7
2007	–	92.2	91.6	93.0	84.1
2008	–	93.2	91.5	94.2	86.1
2009	–	96.4	89.9	98.3	85.9
2010	–	99.1	91.0	100.0	87.3
2011	–	100.9	91.0	101.2	88.4
2012	94.6	102.7	89.5	97.2	90.7
2013	104.1	104.5	99.2	98.1	93.3
2014	102.8	106.0	99.9	97.4	97.3
2015	101.1	107.5	100.9	97.7	101.0
2016	102.7	109.6	101.5	98.4	102.9
2017	103.0	110.4	102.3	99.2	105.1
2018	104.8	109.7	103.2	100.4	106.0
2019	103.7	110.5	104.4	102.0	105.5
2020	103.9	112.4	103.7	101.5	102.6
2021	106.3	115.7	106.7	103.0	98.3
2022	105.7	114.1	106.1	101.6	98.4
2023	–	105.6	105.8	–	102.1
2024	104.1	–	105.6	–	103.1

† series break

Mean years of schooling (UNDP)

Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Mexico

years. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1990–2023.

Mean years of schooling (UNDP): Source: UNDP — Human Development Report · Source version: HDR 2025 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: CC-BY-3.0-IGO
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico
1990	3.7	8.1	8.4	6.3	5.9
1991	3.8	8.2	8.5	6.4	6.0
1992	4.0	8.3	8.5	6.4	6.1
1993	4.1	8.3	8.6	6.5	6.2
1994	4.3	8.4	8.7	6.6	6.2
1995	4.4	8.5	8.8	6.6	6.3
1996	4.6	8.5	8.9	6.7	6.4
1997	4.8	8.6	8.9	6.7	6.4
1998	4.9	8.7	9.0	6.8	6.5
1999	5.1	8.7	9.1	6.8	6.6
2000	5.3	8.8	9.1	6.9	6.7
2001	5.4	8.9	9.3	6.9	6.8
2002	5.6	9.4	9.4	7.0	7.0
2003	5.8	9.9	9.6	7.0	7.1
2004	6.0	10.0	9.7	7.1	7.3
2005	6.2	10.1	9.7	7.3	7.5
2006	6.3	10.2	9.8	6.8	7.9
2007	6.5	10.3	9.8	7.2	7.9
2008	6.7	10.4	10.1	7.3	7.9
2009	6.8	10.5	10.0	7.3	8.1
2010	6.9	10.6	9.9	7.4	8.0
2011	7.0	10.7	9.5	7.5	8.3
2012	7.2	10.8	9.8	7.6	8.5
2013	7.3	10.9	10.0	7.8	8.4
2014	7.4	10.9	10.1	8.0	8.4
2015	7.5	10.9	10.3	8.1	8.6
2016	7.7	10.9	10.4	8.2	8.6
2017	7.8	11.0	10.6	8.4	8.7
2018	8.0	11.1	10.8	8.5	8.9
2019	8.1	11.1	10.9	8.6	9.1
2020	8.3	11.1	11.1	8.9	9.2
2021	8.4	11.2	11.3	9.0	9.3
2022	8.4	11.2	11.3	9.0	9.3
2023	8.4	11.2	11.3	9.0	9.3

† series break

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Mexico

%. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 2000–2023; Argentina: 1996–2023; Chile: 2007–2022; Colombia: 2000–2020; Mexico: 1996–2024.

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico
1996	–	0.4	–	–	0.2
1997	–	0.4	–	–	0.3
1998	–	0.4	–	–	0.3
1999	–	0.5	–	–	0.3
2000	1.0	0.4	–	0.1	0.3
2001	1.1	0.4	–	0.1	0.3
2002	1.0	0.4	–	0.2	0.3
2003	1.0	0.4	–	0.2	0.4
2004	1.0	0.4	–	0.2	0.4
2005	1.0	0.4	–	0.2	0.4
2006	1.0	0.5	–	0.2	0.4
2007	1.1	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.4
2008	1.1	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.4
2009	1.1	0.6	0.4	0.2	0.5
2010	1.2	0.6	0.3	0.2	0.5
2011	1.1	0.6	0.4	0.2	0.5
2012	1.1	0.6	0.4	0.2	0.4
2013	1.2	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.4
2014	1.3	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.4
2015	1.3	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.4
2016	1.2	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.4
2017	1.1	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.3
2018	1.2	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.3
2019	1.2	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3
2020	1.2	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3
2021	1.1	0.5	0.4	–	0.3
2022	1.2	0.5	0.4	–	0.3
2023	1.2	0.6	–	–	0.3
2024	–	–	–	–	0.3

† series break

How to assess a government and its policies critically

Other factors that moved the same series

The 2014–2016 recession reduced employment and income and, by itself, demand for private higher education courses; the fall in new Fies contracts therefore has at least two explanations that annual data cannot separate. Total education spending, which includes states and municipalities, kept rising as a share of GDP partly because GDP fell.

Limitations

The items on this page were written from research in secondary sources, without access to the official texts in the development environment; each item shows whether it was checked against the official record.
Mean years of schooling and adult literacy move slowly by construction and reflect decades of enrollment; a change within one term does not measure that term's policies. Enrollment series by level only start in 2007 or 2012, and the catalog has no learning series or federal spending in reais.

Sources

#	Number	Origin
1	134.1	siconfi.educ_uniao_paga BRA 2014 · National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on 2026-11-01
2	132.6	siconfi.educ_uniao_paga BRA 2015 · National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on 2026-11-01
3	157.8	siconfi.educ_uniao_empenhada BRA 2014 · National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on 2026-11-01
4	153.8	siconfi.educ_uniao_empenhada BRA 2015 · National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on 2026-11-01
5	6.2	wdi.se_xpd_totl_gd_zs BRA 2015 · World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version 2026-10-08 · Collected on 2026-11-01
6	47.8	wdi.se_ter_enrr BRA 2014 · World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version 2026-10-08 · Collected on 2026-11-01
7	49.0	wdi.se_ter_enrr BRA 2016 · World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version 2026-10-08 · Collected on 2026-11-01

Education under Dilma

What started

Science, technology and innovation amendment

Brazilian Inclusion Law

Legal framework for science, technology and innovation

Cuts, withholdings and limits

Tightening of Fies rules

Withholding of the MEC budget

Change in the series over the period

no lag

1-year lag

2-year lag

Pace before and during the government

Government expenditure on education (% of GDP)

Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices)

Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices)

Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population)

Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population)

Mean years of schooling (UNDP)

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Other factors that moved the same series

Limitations

Sources