Understanding Politics

References

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  1. Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2014). Comparative politics and the synthetic control method. American Journal of Political Science, 59(2), 495–510. doi:10.1111/ajps.12116
    Used in: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)
  2. Alkema, L., & New, J. R. (2014). Global estimation of child mortality using a Bayesian B-spline bias-reduction model. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 8(4), 2122–2149. doi:10.1214/14-AOAS768
    Used in: Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
  3. Atkinson, A. B. (1970). On the measurement of inequality. Journal of Economic Theory, 2(3), 244–263. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(70)90039-6
    Used in: Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) · Gini index (income or consumption)
  4. Baird, S., Ferreira, F. H. G., Özler, B., & Woolcock, M. (2014). Conditional, unconditional and everything in between: a systematic review of the effects of cash transfer programmes on schooling outcomes. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 6(1), 1–43. doi:10.1080/19439342.2014.890362
    Used in: Progresa/Oportunidades (Mexico)
  5. Banco Central do Brasil. Sistema Gerenciador de Séries Temporais, série 433 (IPCA). https://dadosabertos.bcb.gov.br/dataset/433-indice-nacional-de-precos-ao-consumidor-amplo-ipca
    Used in: Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices) · Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices) · Federal spending paid on vocational education (R$ billion, constant prices) · Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices) · Federal transfers paid to basic education (R$ billion, constant prices)
  6. Barros, R. P., Henriques, R., & Mendonça, R. (2000). Desigualdade e pobreza no Brasil: retrato de uma estabilidade inaceitável. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 15(42), 123–142. doi:10.1590/S0102-69092000000100009
    Used in: Poverty rate with regional lines (PNAD, 1976–2014) · Gini coefficient of household income per capita (PNAD, 1976–2014) · Income inequality in Brazil since 1980
  7. Billmeier, A., & Nannicini, T. (2013). Assessing economic liberalization episodes: a synthetic control approach. Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(3), 983–1001. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00324
    Used in: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)
  8. Boskin, M. J., Dulberger, E. R., Gordon, R. J., Griliches, Z., & Jorgenson, D. W. (1998). Consumer prices, the consumer price index, and the cost of living. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(1), 3–26. doi:10.1257/jep.12.1.3
    Used in: Consumer price inflation (annual %)
  9. Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Fish, S., Hicken, A., et al. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: a new approach. Perspectives on Politics, 9(2), 247–267. doi:10.1017/S1537592711000880
    Used in: Egalitarian democracy index (V-Dem) · Liberal democracy index (V-Dem) · Electoral democracy index (V-Dem)
  10. Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., et al. (2026). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v16. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds26
    Used in: Egalitarian democracy index (V-Dem) · Liberal democracy index (V-Dem) · Electoral democracy index (V-Dem)
  11. Dix-Carneiro, R., & Kovak, B. K. (2017). Trade liberalization and regional dynamics. American Economic Review, 107(10), 2908–2946. doi:10.1257/aer.20161214
    Used in: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)
  12. Easterlin, R. A., McVey, L. A., Switek, M., Sawangfa, O., & Zweig, J. S. (2010). The happiness–income paradox revisited. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(52), 22463–22468. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015962107
    Used in: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)
  13. Engbom, N., & Moser, C. (2022). Earnings inequality and the minimum wage: evidence from Brazil. American Economic Review, 112(12), 3803–3847. doi:10.1257/aer.20181506
    Used in: Income inequality in Brazil since 1980
  14. Ferreira, F. H. G., Firpo, S. P., & Messina, J. (2021). Labor market experience and falling earnings inequality in Brazil: 1995–2012. The World Bank Economic Review, 36(1), 37–67. doi:10.1093/wber/lhab005
    Used in: Income inequality in Brazil since 1980
  15. Ferreira, F. H. G., Firpo, S., & Galvao, A. F. (2018). Actual and counterfactual growth incidence and delta Lorenz curves: estimation and inference. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 34(3), 385–402. doi:10.1002/jae.2663
    Used in: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)
  16. Ferreira, F. H. G., Leite, P. G., & Litchfield, J. A. (2008). The rise and fall of Brazilian inequality: 1981–2004. Macroeconomic Dynamics, 12(S2), 199–230. doi:10.1017/S1365100507070137
    Used in: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)
  17. Foster, J., Greer, J., & Thorbecke, E. (1984). A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica, 52(3), 761–766. doi:10.2307/1913475
    Used in: Poverty rate with regional lines (PNAD, 1976–2014) · Extreme poverty: population below $3.00 a day (2021 PPP)
  18. IBGE. PNAD Contínua — notas metodológicas. https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/trabalho/9171-pesquisa-nacional-por-amostra-de-domicilios-continua-mensal.html
    Used in: Median household income per capita at prices of the latest year (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 5 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 10 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 20 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 30 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 40 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 50 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 60 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 70 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 80 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 90 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 95 (Continuous PNAD) · Household income per capita: upper limit of percentile 99 (Continuous PNAD) · Median habitual labor income at prices of the latest year (Continuous PNAD)
  19. IBGE. SIDRA — Tabela 7435. https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/7435
    Used in: Gini index of household income per capita (Continuous PNAD)
  20. IBGE. SIDRA — Tabela 7526. https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/7526
    Used in: Median household income per capita at prices of the latest year (Continuous PNAD)
  21. IBGE. SIDRA — Tabela 7540. https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/7540
    Used in: Median habitual labor income at prices of the latest year (Continuous PNAD)
  22. Ipeadata — série DISOC_PPY. http://www.ipeadata.gov.br/
    Used in: Poverty rate with regional lines (PNAD, 1976–2014) · Gini coefficient of household income per capita (PNAD, 1976–2014)
  23. Jones, C. I., & Klenow, P. J. (2016). Beyond GDP? Welfare across countries and time. American Economic Review, 106(9), 2426–2457. doi:10.1257/aer.20110236
    Used in: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)
  24. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: methodology and analytical issues. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 3(2), 220–246. doi:10.1017/S1876404511200046
    Used in: Control of corruption (WGI) · Government effectiveness (WGI) · Voice and accountability (WGI)
  25. Knutsen, C. H., Marquardt, K. L., Seim, B., Coppedge, M., Edgell, A. B., et al. (2024). Conceptual and measurement issues in assessing democratic backsliding. PS: Political Science & Politics, 57(2), 162–177. doi:10.1017/S104909652300077X
    Used in: Egalitarian democracy index (V-Dem) · Liberal democracy index (V-Dem) · Electoral democracy index (V-Dem)
  26. Little, A. T., & Meng, A. (2024). Measuring democratic backsliding. PS: Political Science & Politics, 57(2), 149–161. doi:10.1017/S104909652300063X
    Used in: Egalitarian democracy index (V-Dem) · Liberal democracy index (V-Dem) · Electoral democracy index (V-Dem)
  27. Medeiros, M., Souza, P. H. G. F., & Castro, F. A. (2015). O topo da distribuição de renda no Brasil: primeiras estimativas com dados tributários e comparação com pesquisas domiciliares (2006–2012). Dados, 58(1). doi:10.1590/00115258201537
    Used in: Gini index of household income per capita (Continuous PNAD) · Gini index (income or consumption) · Income inequality in Brazil since 1980
  28. Oeppen, J., & Vaupel, J. W. (2002). Broken limits to life expectancy. Science, 296(5570), 1029–1031. doi:10.1126/science.1069675
    Used in: Life expectancy at birth (years)
  29. Parker, S. W., & Todd, P. E. (2017). Conditional cash transfers: the case of Progresa/Oportunidades. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 866–915. doi:10.1257/jel.20151233
    Used in: Progresa/Oportunidades (Mexico)
  30. Possebom, V. (2017). Free Trade Zone of Manaus: an impact evaluation using the synthetic control method. Revista Brasileira de Economia, 71(2). doi:10.5935/0034-7140.20170011
    Used in: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)
  31. Ravallion, M. (2012). Troubling tradeoffs in the Human Development Index. Journal of Development Economics, 99(2), 201–209. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.01.003
    Used in: Human Development Index (HDI)
  32. Ravallion, M., Chen, S., & Sangraula, P. (2009). Dollar a day revisited. The World Bank Economic Review, 23(2), 163–184. doi:10.1093/wber/lhp007
    Used in: Extreme poverty: population below $3.00 a day (2021 PPP)
  33. Sacks, D. W., Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2012). The new stylized facts about income and subjective well-being. Emotion, 12(6), 1181–1187. doi:10.1037/a0029873
    Used in: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)
  34. Schultz, T. P. (2004). School subsidies for the poor: evaluating the Mexican Progresa poverty program. Journal of Development Economics, 74(1), 199–250. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.12.009
    Used in: Progresa/Oportunidades (Mexico)
  35. Sigman, R., & Lindberg, S. I. (2018). Democracy for all: conceptualizing and measuring egalitarian democracy. Political Science Research and Methods, 7(3) [2019], 595–612. doi:10.1017/psrm.2018.6
    Used in: Egalitarian democracy index (V-Dem)
  36. Soares, F. V., Ribas, R. P., & Osório, R. G. (2010). Evaluating the impact of Brazil's Bolsa Família: cash transfer programs in comparative perspective. Latin American Research Review, 45(2), 173–190. doi:10.1017/S0023879100009390
    Used in: Income inequality in Brazil since 1980 · Progresa/Oportunidades (Mexico)
  37. Soares, S., Osório, R. G., Soares, F. V., Medeiros, M., & Zepeda, E. (2009). Conditional cash transfers in Brazil, Chile and Mexico: impacts upon inequality. Estudios Económicos, 207–224. doi:10.24201/ee.v0i0.387
    Used in: Income inequality in Brazil since 1980 · Progresa/Oportunidades (Mexico)
  38. Teorell, J., Coppedge, M., Lindberg, S., & Skaaning, S.-E. (2018). Measuring polyarchy across the globe, 1900–2017. Studies in Comparative International Development, 54(1) [2019], 71–95. doi:10.1007/s12116-018-9268-z
    Used in: Electoral democracy index (V-Dem)
  39. Tesouro Nacional. Siconfi: Declaração de Contas Anuais (DCA), Anexo I-E, API de dados abertos. https://apidatalake.tesouro.gov.br/docs/siconfi/
    Used in: Federal spending committed to education (R$ billion, constant prices) · Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices) · Federal spending paid on vocational education (R$ billion, constant prices) · Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices) · Federal transfers paid to basic education (R$ billion, constant prices)
  40. UNDP. Human Development Report 2025 — Technical notes. https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/documentation-and-downloads
    Used in: Expected years of schooling (UNDP) · Human Development Index (HDI) · Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) · Mean years of schooling (UNDP)
  41. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Education and science data: methodology. https://uis.unesco.org/
    Used in: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) · Adult literacy rate (% of people aged 15 and over) · Gross pre-primary enrollment (% of school-age population) · Gross primary enrollment (% of school-age population) · Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population) · Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population) · Government expenditure on education (% of GDP) · Researchers in R&D (per million people)
  42. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects — Methodology. https://population.un.org/wpp/
    Used in: Life expectancy at birth (years)
  43. World Bank. Poverty and Inequality Platform — Methodology Handbook. https://datanalytics.worldbank.org/PIP-Methodology/
    Used in: Gini index (income or consumption)
  44. World Bank. World Development Indicators — FP.CPI.TOTL. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL
    Used in: Consumer price index (2010 = 100)
  45. World Bank. World Development Indicators — metadata for GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS
    Used in: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)
  46. World Bank. World Development Indicators — metadata for SE.ADT.LITR.ZS. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS
    Used in: Adult literacy rate (% of people aged 15 and over)
  47. World Bank. World Development Indicators — metadata for SE.PRE.ENRR. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRE.ENRR
    Used in: Gross pre-primary enrollment (% of school-age population)
  48. World Bank. World Development Indicators — metadata for SE.PRM.ENRR. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR
    Used in: Gross primary enrollment (% of school-age population)
  49. World Bank. World Development Indicators — metadata for SE.SEC.ENRR. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.ENRR
    Used in: Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population)
  50. World Bank. World Development Indicators — metadata for SE.TER.ENRR. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR
    Used in: Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population)
  51. World Bank. World Development Indicators — metadata for SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS
    Used in: Government expenditure on education (% of GDP)
  52. World Bank. World Development Indicators — metadata for SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6
    Used in: Researchers in R&D (per million people)
  53. World Bank. World Development Indicators — NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD
    Used in: GDP per capita, purchasing power parity (constant 2021 international $)
  54. World Bank. World Development Indicators — PA.NUS.FCRF. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF
    Used in: Official exchange rate (local currency units per US$, period average)
  55. World Bank. World Development Indicators — PA.NUS.PRVT.PP. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PRVT.PP
    Used in: PPP conversion factor, private consumption (local currency units per international $)