Understanding Politics

Brazil 1980–today

Brazilian indicators since 1980, with each government's period in the background and comparison with Latin America. If Brazil and its neighbors move together, the change is probably not the work of one government.

This visualization is descriptive and does not show that a government caused the change. See the methodology.

Timelines

GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)

2015 US$. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1975–2025.

GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)
Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Jones, C
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Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexicoLatin America & Caribbean
1975 5,149 9,936 3,420 2,844 6,741 5,243
1976 5,543 9,585 3,489 2,914 6,845 5,406
1977 5,680 10,088 3,819 2,969 6,889 5,544
1978 5,821 9,481 4,063 3,148 7,310 5,661
1979 6,069 10,285 4,341 3,244 7,815 5,930
1980 6,473 10,276 4,627 3,301 8,290 6,164
1981 6,055 9,588 4,866 3,299 8,875 6,100
1982 5,968 9,366 4,244 3,254 8,677 5,966
1983 5,665 9,618 3,976 3,228 8,099 5,693
1984 5,842 9,614 4,073 3,260 8,208 5,793
1985 6,168 8,973 4,153 3,290 8,194 5,847
1986 6,494 9,378 4,311 3,410 7,714 5,933
1987 6,592 9,484 4,529 3,520 7,716 6,012
1988 6,463 9,237 4,783 3,589 7,658 5,943
1989 6,545 8,445 5,193 3,636 7,784 5,901
1990 6,150 8,115 5,291 3,714 8,037 5,780
1991 6,108 8,730 5,607 3,713 8,197 5,855
1992 5,974 9,293 6,152 3,788 8,330 5,905
1993 6,167 9,921 6,462 3,913 8,412 6,050
1994 6,427 10,360 6,688 4,059 8,623 6,248
1995 6,596 9,934 7,201 4,190 7,971 6,203
1996 6,641 10,352 7,605 4,199 8,321 6,340
1997 6,765 11,057 8,059 4,266 8,771 6,580
1998 6,687 11,348 8,287 4,214 9,162 6,668
1999 6,622 10,838 8,161 3,967 9,265 6,602
2000 6,818 10,632 8,465 4,017 9,582 6,742
2001 6,823 10,052 8,632 4,021 9,398 6,684
2002 6,945 8,862 8,811 4,058 9,242 6,609
2003 6,941 9,546 9,131 4,154 9,222 6,669
2004 7,259 10,302 9,642 4,312 9,421 6,963
2005 7,410 11,100 10,104 4,457 9,492 7,161
2006 7,622 11,870 10,612 4,694 9,814 7,449
2007 8,003 12,812 11,051 4,947 9,878 7,751
2008 8,331 13,197 11,356 5,049 9,826 7,946
2009 8,246 12,285 11,116 5,047 9,074 7,676
2010 8,793 13,387 11,649 5,214 9,389 8,060
2011 9,068 14,041 12,253 5,517 9,576 8,325
2012 9,167 13,754 12,883 5,676 9,783 8,455
2013 9,367 13,946 13,183 5,911 9,739 8,595
2014 9,338 13,456 13,286 6,122 9,862 8,610
2015 8,936 13,680 13,434 6,249 10,021 8,547
2016 8,578 13,266 13,505 6,316 10,101 8,405
2017 8,628 13,520 13,473 6,310 10,194 8,458
2018 8,722 13,058 13,763 6,354 10,297 8,490
2019 8,771 12,706 13,632 6,440 10,159 8,448
2020 8,435 11,393 12,681 5,892 9,235 7,813
2021 8,799 12,549 14,056 6,457 9,728 8,318
2022 9,032 13,277 14,275 6,857 10,013 8,607
2023 9,288 12,993 14,295 6,837 10,235 8,736
2024 9,567 12,774 14,617 6,865 10,284 8,872
2025 9,748 13,287 14,905 6,976 10,257 9,017

† series break

Consumer price inflation (annual %)

%. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 1981–2025; Argentina: 2018–2024; Chile: 1975–2025; Colombia: 1975–2025; Mexico: 1975–2025; Latin America & Caribbean: 1975–2025.

Consumer price inflation (annual %)
Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Boskin, M
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Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexicoLatin America & Caribbean
1975 – – 374.7 23.4 14.9 16.8
1976 – – 211.9 19.8 15.8 9.8
1977 – – 92.0 33.8 29.1 10.7
1978 – – 40.1 17.8 17.5 10.3
1979 – – 33.4 24.1 18.2 14.7
1980 – – 35.1 26.6 26.4 17.9
1981 101.7 – 19.7 27.5 27.9 14.0
1982 100.5 – 9.9 24.7 58.9 7.8
1983 135.0 – 27.3 19.6 101.9 10.2
1984 192.1 – 19.9 16.2 65.4 11.5
1985 226.0 – 30.7 24.1 57.7 13.0
1986 147.1 – 19.5 18.8 86.2 9.8
1987 228.3 – 19.9 23.3 131.8 11.5
1988 629.1 – 14.7 28.1 114.2 8.0
1989 1,430.7 – 17.0 25.9 20.0 11.4
1990 2,947.7 – 26.0 29.2 26.7 21.5
1991 432.8 – 21.8 30.4 22.7 21.6
1992 952.0 – 15.4 27.0 15.5 10.6
1993 1,927.4 – 12.7 22.4 9.8 10.3
1994 2,075.9 – 11.4 22.8 7.0 9.7
1995 66.0 – 8.2 20.9 35.0 10.2
1996 15.8 – 7.4 20.8 34.4 7.4
1997 6.9 – 6.1 18.5 20.6 6.9
1998 3.2 – 5.1 18.7 15.9 5.1
1999 4.9 – 3.3 10.9 16.6 3.5
2000 7.0 – 3.8 9.2 9.5 4.6
2001 6.8 – 3.6 8.0 6.4 4.1
2002 8.5 – 2.5 6.4 5.0 4.0
2003 14.7 – 2.8 7.1 4.5 3.7
2004 6.6 – 1.1 5.9 4.7 4.4
2005 6.9 – 3.1 5.1 4.0 4.4
2006 4.2 – 3.4 4.3 3.6 4.3
2007 3.6 – 4.4 5.5 4.0 4.6
2008 5.7 – 8.7 7.0 5.1 8.1
2009 4.9 – 0.4 4.2 5.3 2.5
2010 5.0 – 1.4 2.3 4.2 3.5
2011 6.6 – 3.3 3.4 3.4 4.9
2012 5.4 – 3.0 3.2 4.1 3.8
2013 6.2 – 1.8 2.0 3.8 2.5
2014 6.3 – 4.7 2.9 4.0 3.4
2015 9.0 – 4.3 5.0 2.7 1.9
2016 8.7 – 3.8 7.5 2.8 1.7
2017 3.4 – 2.2 4.3 6.0 2.2
2018 3.7 34.3 2.4 3.2 4.9 2.4
2019 3.7 53.5 2.6 3.5 3.6 2.2
2020 3.2 42.0 3.0 2.5 3.4 1.5
2021 8.3 48.4 4.5 3.5 5.7 3.9
2022 9.3 72.4 11.6 10.2 7.9 8.1
2023 4.6 133.5 7.6 11.7 5.5 4.6
2024 4.4 219.9 4.3 6.6 4.7 3.5
2025 5.0 – 4.2 5.1 3.8 2.1

† series break

Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)

per 1,000 live births. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 1975–2024; Argentina: 1975–2024; Chile: 1975–2024; Colombia: 1975–2024; Mexico: 1975–2024; Latin America & Caribbean: 1990–2024.

Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Alkema, L
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Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexicoLatin America & Caribbean
1975 90.9 53.1 55.6 60.5 70.6 –
1976 88.4 50.3 48.6 57.6 68.3 –
1977 85.7 47.0 41.4 54.7 66.0 –
1978 82.9 43.2 35.6 51.8 63.6 –
1979 79.9 39.6 31.5 49.0 61.3 –
1980 76.7 36.3 28.3 46.4 58.8 –
1981 73.6 33.5 25.4 43.9 56.4 –
1982 70.4 31.1 22.8 41.5 54.1 –
1983 67.4 29.1 20.9 39.3 51.8 –
1984 64.8 27.4 19.6 37.4 49.6 –
1985 62.3 26.2 18.8 37.7 47.6 –
1986 60.1 25.4 18.6 34.1 45.6 –
1987 58.1 25.0 18.4 32.8 43.6 –
1988 56.0 24.9 18.0 31.6 41.8 –
1989 54.0 24.9 17.1 30.6 39.9 –
1990 51.9 24.8 15.9 29.6 38.2 44.1
1991 49.8 24.5 14.7 28.8 36.5 42.3
1992 47.4 23.8 13.6 27.9 34.8 40.4
1993 44.9 23.0 12.5 27.0 33.3 38.6
1994 42.4 22.0 11.6 26.2 31.7 36.7
1995 39.9 20.9 10.9 25.3 30.3 35.0
1996 37.5 19.9 10.5 24.5 28.9 33.3
1997 35.2 18.9 10.3 23.7 27.5 31.6
1998 33.1 18.0 10.0 23.0 26.3 30.2
1999 31.1 17.3 9.6 22.2 25.1 28.5
2000 29.1 16.7 9.2 21.6 24.0 27.1
2001 27.3 16.2 8.7 21.0 22.9 25.8
2002 25.6 15.8 8.3 20.4 21.9 24.6
2003 24.0 15.3 8.0 19.8 21.0 23.5
2004 22.4 14.9 7.8 19.3 20.2 22.4
2005 21.0 14.4 7.7 18.7 19.5 21.5
2006 19.7 14.0 7.7 18.2 18.9 20.6
2007 18.6 13.6 7.6 17.7 18.4 19.8
2008 17.6 13.2 7.6 17.2 17.9 19.1
2009 16.7 12.8 7.5 16.7 17.4 18.5
2010 16.0 12.4 7.5 16.2 17.0 18.5
2011 15.3 11.9 7.4 15.7 16.6 17.3
2012 14.8 11.4 7.3 15.2 16.2 16.9
2013 14.4 10.9 7.1 14.8 15.8 16.4
2014 14.0 10.4 6.9 14.3 15.4 16.0
2015 13.7 10.0 6.8 13.9 15.0 15.6
2016 14.6 9.7 6.7 13.5 14.7 15.9
2017 13.3 9.4 6.5 13.1 14.4 15.3
2018 13.1 9.1 6.3 12.7 14.0 14.9
2019 12.9 8.9 6.0 12.3 13.7 14.6
2020 12.8 8.7 5.8 11.9 13.4 14.4
2021 12.7 8.5 5.8 11.5 13.1 14.1
2022 12.6 8.4 5.9 11.2 12.8 13.9
2023 12.4 8.2 5.9 10.8 12.4 13.6
2024 12.3 8.0 5.8 10.5 12.1 13.3

† series break

Life expectancy at birth (years)

years. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1975–2024.

Life expectancy at birth (years)
Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Oeppen, J
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Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexicoLatin America & Caribbean
1975 59.6 67.0 66.0 64.0 61.9 61.6
1976 60.0 67.0 66.8 64.6 62.5 61.9
1977 60.5 67.6 67.5 65.2 63.0 62.5
1978 60.9 68.0 68.0 65.8 63.4 63.0
1979 61.4 68.4 68.9 66.2 63.9 63.3
1980 61.8 68.6 69.5 66.7 64.3 63.6
1981 62.3 68.9 69.8 67.2 64.7 64.1
1982 62.7 69.0 70.3 67.9 65.3 64.4
1983 63.1 69.3 70.8 68.1 65.8 64.9
1984 63.6 69.4 71.2 68.3 66.2 65.3
1985 64.0 69.9 71.6 65.4 66.8 65.5
1986 64.4 70.3 72.1 68.3 67.4 66.1
1987 64.8 70.7 72.5 68.2 67.9 66.5
1988 65.2 71.1 72.8 68.3 68.3 66.8
1989 65.5 71.5 73.2 68.6 68.6 67.2
1990 65.9 71.6 73.7 68.7 69.0 67.5
1991 66.2 72.0 74.1 68.8 69.4 67.8
1992 66.5 72.1 74.4 68.8 69.7 68.1
1993 66.9 72.3 74.7 69.1 70.0 68.4
1994 67.3 72.7 75.0 69.4 70.3 68.8
1995 67.7 72.9 75.3 69.8 70.7 69.2
1996 68.1 73.1 75.6 70.2 71.1 69.6
1997 68.5 73.4 75.8 70.6 71.5 70.0
1998 68.8 73.4 76.3 70.9 71.8 70.2
1999 69.2 73.7 76.7 70.9 72.2 70.5
2000 69.6 73.9 77.1 70.9 72.6 70.9
2001 70.0 74.2 77.6 71.2 72.9 71.2
2002 70.4 74.3 77.8 71.5 73.1 71.6
2003 70.9 74.3 77.9 72.3 73.3 71.9
2004 71.4 74.9 78.3 72.8 73.4 72.2
2005 71.8 75.2 78.5 73.2 73.6 72.6
2006 72.3 75.3 78.5 73.5 73.7 72.8
2007 72.7 74.8 78.7 73.8 73.8 73.1
2008 73.1 75.4 78.8 74.2 73.7 73.3
2009 73.5 75.6 78.9 74.5 73.6 73.4
2010 73.8 75.7 79.1 74.9 73.7 73.4
2011 74.0 76.1 79.2 75.2 73.9 73.9
2012 74.3 75.8 79.2 75.6 74.1 74.2
2013 74.6 75.8 79.6 75.8 74.3 74.4
2014 74.8 76.3 79.7 76.0 74.4 74.6
2015 75.1 76.6 80.0 76.1 74.4 74.7
2016 75.1 76.1 80.3 76.2 74.4 74.7
2017 75.4 76.5 80.6 76.4 74.3 74.8
2018 75.6 76.8 80.6 76.6 74.3 75.1
2019 75.8 76.8 80.3 76.8 74.5 75.2
2020 74.5 75.9 79.3 74.8 70.4 73.2
2021 73.0 73.9 78.9 72.7 69.8 71.8
2022 74.9 75.8 79.2 76.5 74.0 74.6
2023 75.8 77.4 81.2 77.7 75.1 75.6
2024 76.0 77.5 81.4 77.9 75.3 75.8

† series break

Gini in Brazil: old PNAD and Continuous PNAD (series not spliced)

index (0 to 1). Background bands: Brazil's presidents. Years with data: Gini coefficient of household income per capita (PNAD, 1976–2014) (34 years); Gini index of household income per capita (Continuous PNAD): 2012–2025.

Gini coefficient of household income per capita (PNAD, 1976–2014)
Source: Ipea — Ipeadata · Source version: 2016-01-06 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: LicenseRef-Ipeadata-reuse-with-attribution · Paper behind the metric: Barros, R
Series breaks: 1992: PNAD redesigned in 1992 (new questionnaire and labor and income concepts). 2004: PNAD starts covering the rural North region (except Tocantins, already covered).
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Gini index of household income per capita (Continuous PNAD)
Source: IBGE — SIDRA (Continuous PNAD) · Source version: 2026-05-08 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: LicenseRef-IBGE-reuse-with-attribution · Paper behind the metric: Medeiros, M
Uncertainty: 95% interval computed from the coefficient of variation published by IBGE: value ± 1.96 × value × CV.
Series breaks: 2020: Income from the Continuous PNAD 5th visit in 2020–2021 (pandemic). 2022: Return to the Continuous PNAD 1st visit.
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts
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Year Gini coefficient of household income per capita (PNAD, 1976–2014)Gini index of household income per capita (Continuous PNAD)
1976 0.623 –
1977 0.625 –
1978 0.604 –
1979 0.593 –
1981 0.584 –
1982 0.591 –
1983 0.596 –
1984 0.589 –
1985 0.598 –
1986 0.588 –
1987 0.601 –
1988 0.616 –
1989 0.636 –
1990 0.614 –
1992 0.583 † –
1993 0.604 –
1995 0.601 –
1996 0.602 –
1997 0.602 –
1998 0.600 –
1999 0.594 –
2001 0.596 –
2002 0.589 –
2003 0.583 –
2004 0.572 † –
2005 0.570 –
2006 0.563 –
2007 0.556 –
2008 0.546 –
2009 0.543 –
2011 0.531 –
2012 0.530 0.540 (0.534–0.546)
2013 0.527 0.532 (0.526–0.538)
2014 0.518 0.526 (0.520–0.532)
2015 – 0.524 (0.517–0.531)
2016 – 0.537 (0.529–0.545)
2017 – 0.539 (0.532–0.546)
2018 – 0.545 (0.535–0.555)
2019 – 0.543 (0.536–0.550)
2020 – 0.523 (0.515–0.531) †
2021 – 0.543 (0.537–0.549)
2022 – 0.517 (0.511–0.523) †
2023 – 0.517 (0.510–0.524)
2024 – 0.504 (0.498–0.510)
2025 – 0.511 (0.505–0.517)

† series break

Gini index (income or consumption)

index (0 to 100). Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 1981–2024 (40 years); Argentina: 1980–2024 (36 years); Chile: 1987–2024 (17 years); Colombia: 1980–2024 (30 years); Mexico: 1984–2024 (20 years). No data in this source: Latin America & Caribbean.

Gini index (income or consumption)
Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Atkinson, A
Series breaks: 2012: Brazil: PNAD replaced by the Continuous PNAD. Levels are not directly comparable. 2020: Brazil: in 2020–2021 income comes from the Continuous PNAD 5th visit (pandemic), not the 1st. 2022: Brazil: return to the Continuous PNAD 1st visit.
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Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexico
1980 – 40.8 – 55.1 –
1981 57.9 – – – –
1982 58.4 – – – –
1983 58.9 – – – –
1984 58.3 – – – 48.5
1985 55.5 – – – –
1986 58.4 42.8 – – –
1987 59.6 45.3 56.2 – –
1988 61.4 – – 53.1 –
1989 63.2 – – 52.8 50.1
1990 60.5 – 57.2 – –
1991 – 46.8 – 51.3 –
1992 53.1 45.5 54.8 51.3 52.3
1993 60.1 44.8 – – –
1994 – 45.9 56.4 – 53.4
1995 59.5 48.9 – – –
1996 59.8 49.5 54.9 56.8 52.0
1997 59.8 49.1 – – –
1998 59.6 50.7 55.5 – 53.3
1999 59.0 49.8 – 58.5 –
2000 – 51.0 52.8 58.4 53.4
2001 58.4 53.3 – 57.3 –
2002 58.1 53.8 – 56.0 50.6
2003 57.6 51.0 51.5 53.6 –
2004 56.5 48.5 – 55.0 50.3
2005 56.3 47.8 – 53.9 50.9
2006 55.6 46.4 47.7 – 49.7
2007 54.9 46.3 – – –
2008 54.0 45.0 – 55.0 50.8
2009 53.7 43.8 47.4 54.1 –
2010 – 43.7 – 54.4 47.7
2011 52.9 42.7 46.9 53.3 –
2012 53.4 † 41.4 – 53.6 49.6
2013 52.7 41.1 46.8 53.5 –
2014 52.1 41.8 – 53.6 48.9
2015 51.9 – 45.3 52.0 –
2016 53.4 42.3 – 51.7 46.9
2017 53.3 41.4 45.3 50.9 –
2018 53.9 41.7 – 51.6 46.0
2019 53.5 43.3 – 52.5 –
2020 48.8 † 42.7 47.0 54.4 44.6
2021 52.9 42.4 – 55.1 –
2022 51.9 † 40.7 43.2 54.8 43.5
2023 51.5 42.4 – 54.6 –
2024 50.3 42.4 43.0 54.4 42.6

† series break

Extreme poverty: population below $3.00 a day (2021 PPP)

%. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 1981–2024 (40 years); Argentina: 1980–2024 (36 years); Chile: 1987–2024 (17 years); Colombia: 1980–2024 (30 years); Mexico: 1984–2024 (20 years); Latin America & Caribbean: 1981–2024.

Extreme poverty: population below $3.00 a day (2021 PPP)
Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Foster, J
Series breaks: 2012: Brazil: PNAD replaced by the Continuous PNAD. 2020: Brazil: in 2020–2021 income comes from the Continuous PNAD 5th visit (pandemic). 2022: Brazil: return to the Continuous PNAD 1st visit.
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts
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Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexicoLatin America & Caribbean
1980 – 0.0 – 28.5 – –
1981 30.7 – – – – 20.0
1982 31.0 – – – – 20.7
1983 37.7 – – – – 23.8
1984 36.9 – – – 15.0 23.4
1985 32.4 – – – – 21.8
1986 16.7 1.3 – – – 16.7
1987 25.5 1.5 21.7 – – 19.5
1988 28.1 – – 21.4 – 20.0
1989 25.7 – – 21.3 14.8 19.2
1990 30.3 – 16.0 – – 20.7
1991 – 1.3 – 19.3 – 20.1
1992 29.4 2.5 11.1 16.0 13.3 20.2
1993 28.2 2.9 – – – 20.1
1994 – 2.7 10.5 – 13.6 19.5
1995 19.5 5.1 – – – 18.5
1996 20.7 5.4 8.0 24.8 21.7 19.9
1997 20.4 5.2 – – – 19.4
1998 19.1 5.7 7.4 – 21.9 19.2
1999 20.0 5.9 – 28.2 – 19.5
2000 – 7.3 8.6 23.9 16.3 18.1
2001 17.5 10.7 – 29.6 – 17.9
2002 16.2 17.1 – 21.2 12.8 17.1
2003 17.1 8.2 7.9 19.8 – 16.6
2004 15.3 6.0 – 19.2 11.0 15.3
2005 13.7 4.4 – 16.8 11.7 14.2
2006 11.4 3.5 3.3 – 9.0 12.0
2007 10.8 2.8 – – – 10.8
2008 9.1 2.6 – 16.3 10.1 9.9
2009 8.4 2.4 2.6 15.1 – 9.5
2010 – 1.5 – 13.3 8.4 8.5
2011 7.1 1.2 1.7 11.3 – 7.7
2012 6.4 † 1.3 – 12.7 7.3 7.5
2013 5.4 1.1 0.8 11.8 – 6.8
2014 4.8 1.1 – 10.9 7.2 6.5
2015 5.4 – 0.7 10.2 – 6.0
2016 6.5 1.3 – 10.1 4.4 6.2
2017 7.0 1.1 0.5 9.5 – 6.2
2018 6.9 1.6 – 9.8 3.9 6.1
2019 7.0 1.7 – 11.3 – 6.2
2020 2.8 † 2.2 1.7 15.8 4.3 5.8
2021 7.5 1.4 – 11.2 – 6.2
2022 4.9 † 1.3 0.6 9.3 2.3 5.0
2023 3.8 1.2 – 8.6 – 4.6
2024 3.0 1.0 0.4 8.5 1.6 4.3

† series break

Electoral democracy index (V-Dem)

index (0 to 1). Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1975–2025. No data in this source: Latin America & Caribbean.

Electoral democracy index (V-Dem)
Source: V-Dem — Varieties of Democracy · Source version: v16 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: CC-BY-SA-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Teorell, J
Uncertainty: 68% highest posterior density interval from the V-Dem measurement model (codelow and codehigh columns), roughly one standard deviation.
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Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexico
1975 0.184 (0.166–0.203) 0.509 (0.446–0.564) 0.071 (0.067–0.074) 0.445 (0.388–0.501) 0.249 (0.227–0.272)
1976 0.186 (0.167–0.204) 0.133 (0.119–0.145) 0.071 (0.067–0.074) 0.445 (0.388–0.501) 0.260 (0.236–0.287)
1977 0.186 (0.169–0.205) 0.071 (0.067–0.074) 0.072 (0.067–0.076) 0.447 (0.390–0.504) 0.276 (0.243–0.301)
1978 0.187 (0.166–0.202) 0.071 (0.067–0.074) 0.072 (0.067–0.075) 0.424 (0.364–0.471) 0.296 (0.262–0.320)
1979 0.207 (0.185–0.227) 0.071 (0.067–0.074) 0.074 (0.068–0.077) 0.405 (0.345–0.449) 0.296 (0.264–0.323)
1980 0.251 (0.221–0.277) 0.071 (0.067–0.074) 0.075 (0.069–0.079) 0.409 (0.357–0.461) 0.298 (0.269–0.329)
1981 0.251 (0.221–0.277) 0.071 (0.067–0.074) 0.075 (0.069–0.079) 0.409 (0.357–0.461) 0.302 (0.272–0.332)
1982 0.264 (0.232–0.289) 0.074 (0.068–0.077) 0.075 (0.069–0.079) 0.409 (0.352–0.455) 0.312 (0.277–0.342)
1983 0.282 (0.242–0.305) 0.267 (0.241–0.289) 0.075 (0.069–0.079) 0.466 (0.407–0.527) 0.319 (0.282–0.350)
1984 0.290 (0.251–0.319) 0.830 (0.781–0.876) 0.075 (0.069–0.080) 0.455 (0.394–0.512) 0.319 (0.282–0.350)
1985 0.392 (0.342–0.435) 0.829 (0.780–0.876) 0.078 (0.071–0.082) 0.454 (0.392–0.507) 0.320 (0.280–0.349)
1986 0.471 (0.413–0.522) 0.825 (0.771–0.874) 0.078 (0.071–0.083) 0.448 (0.384–0.500) 0.322 (0.278–0.349)
1987 0.559 (0.506–0.610) 0.827 (0.777–0.879) 0.082 (0.074–0.088) 0.446 (0.381–0.497) 0.327 (0.289–0.359)
1988 0.682 (0.623–0.751) 0.831 (0.788–0.891) 0.111 (0.098–0.125) 0.443 (0.384–0.497) 0.345 (0.302–0.382)
1989 0.724 (0.665–0.789) 0.828 (0.787–0.888) 0.135 (0.122–0.152) 0.443 (0.384–0.497) 0.368 (0.316–0.405)
1990 0.814 (0.772–0.868) 0.826 (0.775–0.875) 0.721 (0.685–0.779) 0.473 (0.407–0.530) 0.388 (0.337–0.435)
1991 0.828 (0.789–0.880) 0.829 (0.787–0.888) 0.816 (0.775–0.879) 0.516 (0.458–0.582) 0.410 (0.354–0.454)
1992 0.836 (0.794–0.883) 0.829 (0.782–0.883) 0.816 (0.775–0.879) 0.558 (0.498–0.625) 0.438 (0.382–0.490)
1993 0.840 (0.798–0.886) 0.829 (0.783–0.885) 0.813 (0.766–0.872) 0.558 (0.498–0.625) 0.455 (0.390–0.499)
1994 0.846 (0.809–0.896) 0.834 (0.796–0.899) 0.850 (0.808–0.892) 0.558 (0.486–0.619) 0.467 (0.408–0.524)
1995 0.847 (0.810–0.896) 0.833 (0.787–0.887) 0.850 (0.808–0.892) 0.560 (0.481–0.613) 0.491 (0.430–0.552)
1996 0.848 (0.810–0.895) 0.830 (0.782–0.883) 0.850 (0.808–0.892) 0.554 (0.500–0.635) 0.512 (0.455–0.575)
1997 0.848 (0.810–0.895) 0.829 (0.782–0.884) 0.850 (0.808–0.892) 0.554 (0.500–0.635) 0.555 (0.492–0.612)
1998 0.849 (0.810–0.895) 0.828 (0.784–0.889) 0.851 (0.814–0.896) 0.546 (0.484–0.616) 0.600 (0.541–0.663)
1999 0.850 (0.808–0.894) 0.828 (0.783–0.889) 0.850 (0.809–0.891) 0.538 (0.463–0.592) 0.605 (0.545–0.666)
2000 0.854 (0.818–0.900) 0.833 (0.786–0.895) 0.876 (0.845–0.919) 0.550 (0.486–0.618) 0.671 (0.615–0.735)
2001 0.854 (0.818–0.900) 0.833 (0.790–0.896) 0.876 (0.845–0.919) 0.542 (0.483–0.617) 0.681 (0.618–0.736)
2002 0.856 (0.821–0.903) 0.826 (0.778–0.879) 0.880 (0.850–0.924) 0.534 (0.465–0.597) 0.693 (0.634–0.750)
2003 0.855 (0.817–0.902) 0.807 (0.763–0.866) 0.880 (0.850–0.924) 0.535 (0.477–0.599) 0.702 (0.643–0.761)
2004 0.855 (0.817–0.902) 0.795 (0.749–0.855) 0.880 (0.850–0.924) 0.537 (0.475–0.600) 0.711 (0.653–0.772)
2005 0.867 (0.834–0.908) 0.793 (0.746–0.852) 0.877 (0.846–0.921) 0.542 (0.484–0.605) 0.711 (0.653–0.772)
2006 0.868 (0.834–0.909) 0.780 (0.725–0.837) 0.894 (0.863–0.929) 0.571 (0.508–0.631) 0.674 (0.614–0.732)
2007 0.866 (0.828–0.902) 0.781 (0.732–0.837) 0.894 (0.863–0.929) 0.583 (0.519–0.637) 0.639 (0.581–0.708)
2008 0.866 (0.828–0.902) 0.766 (0.714–0.821) 0.894 (0.863–0.929) 0.585 (0.520–0.640) 0.649 (0.593–0.717)
2009 0.866 (0.828–0.902) 0.756 (0.700–0.813) 0.887 (0.854–0.923) 0.587 (0.533–0.654) 0.650 (0.586–0.708)
2010 0.871 (0.836–0.908) 0.746 (0.697–0.809) 0.888 (0.856–0.924) 0.624 (0.564–0.688) 0.662 (0.604–0.727)
2011 0.875 (0.846–0.918) 0.749 (0.699–0.810) 0.889 (0.856–0.924) 0.660 (0.599–0.723) 0.662 (0.599–0.723)
2012 0.871 (0.835–0.912) 0.763 (0.713–0.818) 0.893 (0.867–0.934) 0.661 (0.599–0.728) 0.650 (0.595–0.716)
2013 0.873 (0.841–0.914) 0.772 (0.727–0.837) 0.894 (0.865–0.931) 0.669 (0.609–0.734) 0.623 (0.554–0.679)
2014 0.873 (0.844–0.917) 0.777 (0.738–0.847) 0.893 (0.867–0.937) 0.677 (0.618–0.741) 0.621 (0.558–0.687)
2015 0.861 (0.831–0.908) 0.765 (0.720–0.827) 0.886 (0.854–0.921) 0.681 (0.630–0.753) 0.643 (0.586–0.712)
2016 0.781 (0.735–0.830) 0.751 (0.699–0.812) 0.886 (0.854–0.921) 0.682 (0.625–0.753) 0.643 (0.580–0.702)
2017 0.774 (0.728–0.825) 0.751 (0.698–0.805) 0.889 (0.857–0.925) 0.680 (0.624–0.750) 0.638 (0.583–0.703)
2018 0.749 (0.703–0.810) 0.780 (0.737–0.839) 0.870 (0.838–0.912) 0.666 (0.608–0.727) 0.675 (0.616–0.741)
2019 0.691 (0.634–0.745) 0.779 (0.733–0.836) 0.829 (0.790–0.874) 0.651 (0.594–0.710) 0.684 (0.627–0.752)
2020 0.699 (0.653–0.767) 0.797 (0.751–0.850) 0.837 (0.798–0.879) 0.643 (0.581–0.700) 0.664 (0.610–0.731)
2021 0.690 (0.643–0.751) 0.796 (0.748–0.849) 0.841 (0.797–0.880) 0.654 (0.596–0.714) 0.624 (0.567–0.692)
2022 0.699 (0.644–0.753) 0.831 (0.791–0.880) 0.833 (0.791–0.875) 0.696 (0.637–0.753) 0.584 (0.521–0.644)
2023 0.790 (0.738–0.841) 0.838 (0.800–0.889) 0.836 (0.795–0.881) 0.711 (0.654–0.772) 0.548 (0.487–0.608)
2024 0.799 (0.753–0.857) 0.721 (0.670–0.780) 0.845 (0.808–0.897) 0.698 (0.636–0.756) 0.496 (0.439–0.558)
2025 0.784 (0.733–0.839) 0.690 (0.625–0.743) 0.839 (0.802–0.893) 0.679 (0.627–0.745) 0.469 (0.418–0.525)

† series break

Liberal democracy index (V-Dem)

index (0 to 1). Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1975–2025. No data in this source: Latin America & Caribbean.

Liberal democracy index (V-Dem)
Source: V-Dem — Varieties of Democracy · Source version: v16 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: CC-BY-SA-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Coppedge, M
Uncertainty: 68% highest posterior density interval from the V-Dem measurement model (codelow and codehigh columns), roughly one standard deviation.
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts
View the data as a table
Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexico
1975 0.068 (0.052–0.082) 0.290 (0.248–0.333) 0.032 (0.020–0.040) 0.300 (0.250–0.334) 0.108 (0.091–0.126)
1976 0.070 (0.053–0.084) 0.066 (0.050–0.081) 0.032 (0.020–0.040) 0.304 (0.255–0.335) 0.112 (0.094–0.130)
1977 0.070 (0.054–0.083) 0.047 (0.035–0.060) 0.032 (0.021–0.041) 0.305 (0.261–0.345) 0.122 (0.103–0.142)
1978 0.072 (0.055–0.084) 0.047 (0.033–0.059) 0.032 (0.021–0.040) 0.280 (0.241–0.315) 0.127 (0.106–0.146)
1979 0.089 (0.070–0.104) 0.047 (0.033–0.059) 0.032 (0.022–0.042) 0.270 (0.234–0.311) 0.127 (0.106–0.147)
1980 0.119 (0.095–0.137) 0.051 (0.034–0.061) 0.044 (0.032–0.055) 0.270 (0.233–0.307) 0.128 (0.109–0.149)
1981 0.119 (0.095–0.137) 0.051 (0.034–0.061) 0.044 (0.031–0.055) 0.270 (0.233–0.307) 0.129 (0.105–0.146)
1982 0.134 (0.109–0.154) 0.051 (0.034–0.061) 0.045 (0.033–0.057) 0.276 (0.238–0.310) 0.136 (0.113–0.158)
1983 0.146 (0.122–0.169) 0.206 (0.178–0.231) 0.047 (0.034–0.059) 0.316 (0.269–0.359) 0.142 (0.120–0.165)
1984 0.149 (0.119–0.169) 0.674 (0.617–0.729) 0.048 (0.036–0.060) 0.317 (0.270–0.355) 0.142 (0.120–0.165)
1985 0.226 (0.191–0.256) 0.674 (0.615–0.728) 0.048 (0.035–0.059) 0.314 (0.271–0.354) 0.142 (0.119–0.165)
1986 0.313 (0.267–0.349) 0.672 (0.604–0.724) 0.049 (0.034–0.058) 0.308 (0.260–0.344) 0.143 (0.119–0.166)
1987 0.370 (0.319–0.411) 0.672 (0.603–0.723) 0.052 (0.038–0.063) 0.308 (0.259–0.341) 0.145 (0.120–0.167)
1988 0.528 (0.470–0.586) 0.672 (0.602–0.722) 0.060 (0.045–0.072) 0.301 (0.257–0.335) 0.159 (0.133–0.183)
1989 0.579 (0.507–0.632) 0.670 (0.617–0.735) 0.075 (0.062–0.089) 0.301 (0.257–0.335) 0.172 (0.140–0.195)
1990 0.678 (0.627–0.733) 0.617 (0.559–0.676) 0.630 (0.589–0.685) 0.316 (0.269–0.355) 0.186 (0.155–0.214)
1991 0.692 (0.638–0.743) 0.630 (0.572–0.691) 0.750 (0.700–0.810) 0.390 (0.341–0.437) 0.196 (0.162–0.225)
1992 0.699 (0.651–0.759) 0.631 (0.581–0.697) 0.750 (0.700–0.810) 0.428 (0.376–0.477) 0.208 (0.170–0.236)
1993 0.704 (0.655–0.761) 0.630 (0.578–0.696) 0.746 (0.700–0.809) 0.427 (0.374–0.476) 0.215 (0.182–0.249)
1994 0.707 (0.659–0.764) 0.633 (0.575–0.696) 0.783 (0.736–0.828) 0.426 (0.371–0.478) 0.260 (0.219–0.299)
1995 0.712 (0.664–0.770) 0.641 (0.587–0.703) 0.783 (0.736–0.828) 0.428 (0.376–0.481) 0.281 (0.237–0.321)
1996 0.711 (0.657–0.761) 0.634 (0.573–0.692) 0.784 (0.737–0.830) 0.426 (0.370–0.476) 0.293 (0.252–0.338)
1997 0.711 (0.657–0.761) 0.634 (0.573–0.692) 0.784 (0.738–0.831) 0.429 (0.377–0.481) 0.346 (0.290–0.387)
1998 0.711 (0.658–0.763) 0.634 (0.577–0.700) 0.786 (0.754–0.846) 0.423 (0.370–0.472) 0.378 (0.321–0.424)
1999 0.713 (0.661–0.768) 0.640 (0.580–0.701) 0.785 (0.750–0.838) 0.417 (0.372–0.472) 0.381 (0.332–0.437)
2000 0.717 (0.663–0.769) 0.670 (0.615–0.739) 0.810 (0.769–0.855) 0.426 (0.371–0.474) 0.481 (0.426–0.536)
2001 0.717 (0.663–0.769) 0.674 (0.608–0.731) 0.811 (0.770–0.856) 0.422 (0.379–0.483) 0.484 (0.427–0.541)
2002 0.721 (0.670–0.775) 0.661 (0.600–0.716) 0.817 (0.786–0.873) 0.414 (0.359–0.460) 0.494 (0.442–0.554)
2003 0.722 (0.673–0.779) 0.638 (0.584–0.706) 0.817 (0.786–0.873) 0.421 (0.368–0.464) 0.499 (0.444–0.557)
2004 0.722 (0.673–0.779) 0.632 (0.574–0.692) 0.817 (0.786–0.873) 0.424 (0.372–0.467) 0.505 (0.453–0.567)
2005 0.772 (0.727–0.815) 0.625 (0.565–0.681) 0.821 (0.784–0.870) 0.428 (0.376–0.475) 0.505 (0.453–0.567)
2006 0.770 (0.731–0.816) 0.614 (0.561–0.679) 0.839 (0.799–0.874) 0.449 (0.393–0.492) 0.478 (0.426–0.534)
2007 0.769 (0.727–0.815) 0.610 (0.557–0.673) 0.842 (0.807–0.882) 0.461 (0.403–0.502) 0.454 (0.397–0.507)
2008 0.769 (0.727–0.815) 0.590 (0.536–0.648) 0.841 (0.811–0.886) 0.462 (0.410–0.510) 0.456 (0.398–0.504)
2009 0.769 (0.727–0.815) 0.583 (0.528–0.638) 0.836 (0.802–0.878) 0.465 (0.422–0.522) 0.459 (0.401–0.512)
2010 0.776 (0.737–0.822) 0.578 (0.526–0.641) 0.837 (0.803–0.880) 0.498 (0.439–0.547) 0.465 (0.421–0.530)
2011 0.781 (0.738–0.826) 0.573 (0.510–0.625) 0.839 (0.810–0.888) 0.539 (0.481–0.592) 0.468 (0.408–0.521)
2012 0.777 (0.724–0.817) 0.582 (0.522–0.635) 0.844 (0.812–0.889) 0.540 (0.483–0.596) 0.457 (0.410–0.517)
2013 0.781 (0.740–0.829) 0.588 (0.531–0.650) 0.846 (0.816–0.891) 0.537 (0.485–0.596) 0.420 (0.365–0.472)
2014 0.783 (0.743–0.829) 0.595 (0.528–0.648) 0.850 (0.812–0.892) 0.545 (0.489–0.601) 0.421 (0.366–0.473)
2015 0.769 (0.732–0.822) 0.590 (0.534–0.645) 0.839 (0.804–0.880) 0.551 (0.499–0.609) 0.433 (0.371–0.482)
2016 0.653 (0.608–0.709) 0.612 (0.560–0.676) 0.839 (0.804–0.880) 0.547 (0.484–0.603) 0.434 (0.378–0.486)
2017 0.641 (0.589–0.694) 0.609 (0.556–0.666) 0.842 (0.803–0.880) 0.548 (0.485–0.597) 0.440 (0.379–0.484)
2018 0.608 (0.555–0.663) 0.630 (0.573–0.682) 0.803 (0.765–0.853) 0.533 (0.477–0.585) 0.452 (0.397–0.511)
2019 0.528 (0.474–0.581) 0.618 (0.562–0.672) 0.761 (0.725–0.817) 0.511 (0.457–0.563) 0.428 (0.366–0.477)
2020 0.534 (0.485–0.592) 0.634 (0.575–0.689) 0.766 (0.728–0.818) 0.496 (0.453–0.559) 0.406 (0.351–0.459)
2021 0.531 (0.475–0.580) 0.639 (0.591–0.703) 0.777 (0.733–0.823) 0.499 (0.449–0.554) 0.371 (0.317–0.421)
2022 0.540 (0.489–0.590) 0.654 (0.603–0.712) 0.776 (0.736–0.829) 0.561 (0.502–0.614) 0.330 (0.278–0.373)
2023 0.695 (0.642–0.748) 0.695 (0.647–0.752) 0.779 (0.734–0.827) 0.570 (0.518–0.632) 0.302 (0.256–0.346)
2024 0.712 (0.660–0.767) 0.558 (0.506–0.613) 0.786 (0.741–0.840) 0.554 (0.495–0.608) 0.246 (0.203–0.282)
2025 0.704 (0.650–0.759) 0.524 (0.465–0.576) 0.781 (0.737–0.835) 0.555 (0.500–0.611) 0.221 (0.183–0.253)

† series break

Egalitarian democracy index (V-Dem)

index (0 to 1). Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1975–2025. No data in this source: Latin America & Caribbean.

Egalitarian democracy index (V-Dem)
Source: V-Dem — Varieties of Democracy · Source version: v16 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: CC-BY-SA-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Sigman, R
Uncertainty: 68% highest posterior density interval from the V-Dem measurement model (codelow and codehigh columns), roughly one standard deviation.
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts
View the data as a table
Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexico
1975 0.107 (0.084–0.131) 0.348 (0.294–0.395) 0.035 (0.020–0.046) 0.162 (0.121–0.194) 0.130 (0.099–0.154)
1976 0.110 (0.083–0.132) 0.132 (0.103–0.155) 0.035 (0.020–0.046) 0.162 (0.121–0.194) 0.134 (0.104–0.161)
1977 0.109 (0.085–0.133) 0.113 (0.087–0.135) 0.035 (0.020–0.046) 0.161 (0.121–0.195) 0.145 (0.107–0.169)
1978 0.110 (0.086–0.134) 0.113 (0.087–0.135) 0.035 (0.020–0.045) 0.147 (0.109–0.176) 0.151 (0.120–0.183)
1979 0.115 (0.084–0.136) 0.113 (0.087–0.135) 0.035 (0.019–0.045) 0.141 (0.100–0.166) 0.155 (0.123–0.185)
1980 0.127 (0.099–0.154) 0.114 (0.091–0.138) 0.033 (0.019–0.043) 0.142 (0.108–0.171) 0.157 (0.124–0.185)
1981 0.127 (0.099–0.154) 0.112 (0.086–0.133) 0.038 (0.024–0.050) 0.142 (0.108–0.171) 0.156 (0.124–0.184)
1982 0.131 (0.101–0.156) 0.113 (0.089–0.136) 0.038 (0.024–0.050) 0.145 (0.109–0.174) 0.160 (0.131–0.192)
1983 0.137 (0.106–0.163) 0.189 (0.159–0.223) 0.038 (0.024–0.050) 0.152 (0.111–0.178) 0.162 (0.131–0.194)
1984 0.140 (0.113–0.171) 0.681 (0.621–0.744) 0.038 (0.022–0.048) 0.148 (0.111–0.176) 0.162 (0.131–0.194)
1985 0.197 (0.154–0.228) 0.680 (0.620–0.744) 0.038 (0.024–0.051) 0.147 (0.114–0.179) 0.163 (0.131–0.194)
1986 0.246 (0.200–0.285) 0.677 (0.616–0.743) 0.038 (0.024–0.050) 0.147 (0.108–0.174) 0.164 (0.130–0.193)
1987 0.288 (0.240–0.333) 0.678 (0.618–0.744) 0.038 (0.024–0.050) 0.147 (0.112–0.177) 0.165 (0.127–0.191)
1988 0.433 (0.363–0.492) 0.680 (0.620–0.745) 0.045 (0.030–0.057) 0.148 (0.113–0.176) 0.167 (0.133–0.200)
1989 0.462 (0.396–0.525) 0.679 (0.608–0.738) 0.051 (0.036–0.066) 0.148 (0.113–0.176) 0.177 (0.136–0.205)
1990 0.528 (0.460–0.591) 0.642 (0.582–0.716) 0.430 (0.371–0.485) 0.171 (0.132–0.205) 0.189 (0.150–0.224)
1991 0.540 (0.468–0.600) 0.655 (0.597–0.721) 0.524 (0.462–0.596) 0.260 (0.210–0.314) 0.198 (0.155–0.232)
1992 0.546 (0.475–0.609) 0.654 (0.593–0.718) 0.524 (0.462–0.596) 0.314 (0.263–0.371) 0.209 (0.164–0.245)
1993 0.549 (0.488–0.620) 0.654 (0.592–0.718) 0.524 (0.453–0.584) 0.336 (0.277–0.388) 0.214 (0.165–0.248)
1994 0.556 (0.493–0.628) 0.658 (0.603–0.727) 0.549 (0.487–0.619) 0.337 (0.282–0.393) 0.227 (0.181–0.269)
1995 0.568 (0.501–0.632) 0.657 (0.595–0.721) 0.549 (0.487–0.619) 0.333 (0.271–0.381) 0.244 (0.191–0.287)
1996 0.569 (0.506–0.638) 0.660 (0.605–0.736) 0.549 (0.487–0.619) 0.333 (0.276–0.386) 0.252 (0.200–0.297)
1997 0.569 (0.506–0.638) 0.656 (0.592–0.723) 0.549 (0.487–0.619) 0.333 (0.276–0.386) 0.275 (0.224–0.328)
1998 0.574 (0.505–0.638) 0.656 (0.588–0.718) 0.552 (0.486–0.620) 0.330 (0.275–0.387) 0.299 (0.240–0.350)
1999 0.579 (0.512–0.640) 0.656 (0.588–0.717) 0.553 (0.486–0.620) 0.324 (0.257–0.367) 0.302 (0.250–0.358)
2000 0.579 (0.523–0.655) 0.653 (0.589–0.721) 0.614 (0.546–0.669) 0.318 (0.266–0.371) 0.344 (0.287–0.404)
2001 0.579 (0.523–0.655) 0.652 (0.596–0.727) 0.614 (0.546–0.670) 0.315 (0.259–0.366) 0.344 (0.286–0.397)
2002 0.607 (0.547–0.672) 0.649 (0.589–0.714) 0.614 (0.562–0.687) 0.308 (0.248–0.356) 0.350 (0.295–0.410)
2003 0.606 (0.531–0.666) 0.636 (0.572–0.698) 0.614 (0.562–0.687) 0.312 (0.262–0.367) 0.359 (0.304–0.419)
2004 0.608 (0.552–0.680) 0.627 (0.568–0.697) 0.614 (0.562–0.687) 0.312 (0.258–0.364) 0.365 (0.307–0.421)
2005 0.622 (0.564–0.686) 0.625 (0.566–0.694) 0.634 (0.578–0.705) 0.317 (0.270–0.376) 0.365 (0.307–0.421)
2006 0.622 (0.565–0.687) 0.613 (0.554–0.678) 0.646 (0.585–0.709) 0.332 (0.280–0.383) 0.346 (0.296–0.405)
2007 0.620 (0.554–0.676) 0.620 (0.549–0.672) 0.646 (0.585–0.709) 0.340 (0.297–0.405) 0.326 (0.267–0.377)
2008 0.620 (0.554–0.676) 0.606 (0.546–0.666) 0.646 (0.585–0.709) 0.343 (0.288–0.392) 0.331 (0.273–0.380)
2009 0.620 (0.564–0.684) 0.598 (0.542–0.662) 0.642 (0.589–0.712) 0.342 (0.292–0.400) 0.331 (0.272–0.383)
2010 0.631 (0.570–0.690) 0.596 (0.536–0.658) 0.659 (0.601–0.719) 0.373 (0.316–0.429) 0.340 (0.279–0.390)
2011 0.635 (0.589–0.715) 0.597 (0.538–0.659) 0.664 (0.610–0.727) 0.400 (0.329–0.447) 0.342 (0.284–0.399)
2012 0.629 (0.565–0.685) 0.606 (0.559–0.682) 0.669 (0.604–0.722) 0.398 (0.332–0.456) 0.336 (0.280–0.389)
2013 0.626 (0.570–0.693) 0.607 (0.555–0.681) 0.672 (0.609–0.733) 0.404 (0.341–0.463) 0.317 (0.269–0.379)
2014 0.626 (0.569–0.692) 0.614 (0.553–0.678) 0.675 (0.615–0.732) 0.409 (0.347–0.469) 0.315 (0.258–0.368)
2015 0.608 (0.557–0.679) 0.603 (0.544–0.664) 0.665 (0.614–0.734) 0.420 (0.348–0.471) 0.329 (0.272–0.383)
2016 0.495 (0.433–0.556) 0.594 (0.537–0.662) 0.659 (0.603–0.718) 0.413 (0.344–0.471) 0.328 (0.272–0.382)
2017 0.482 (0.418–0.546) 0.577 (0.514–0.638) 0.664 (0.603–0.724) 0.416 (0.341–0.464) 0.333 (0.276–0.385)
2018 0.446 (0.391–0.514) 0.613 (0.554–0.673) 0.640 (0.589–0.711) 0.395 (0.334–0.450) 0.372 (0.312–0.429)
2019 0.395 (0.331–0.447) 0.612 (0.554–0.671) 0.613 (0.552–0.676) 0.378 (0.311–0.433) 0.396 (0.342–0.462)
2020 0.397 (0.336–0.452) 0.625 (0.567–0.689) 0.596 (0.542–0.663) 0.349 (0.292–0.405) 0.365 (0.308–0.415)
2021 0.394 (0.341–0.456) 0.621 (0.566–0.689) 0.616 (0.560–0.683) 0.364 (0.313–0.430) 0.331 (0.278–0.384)
2022 0.400 (0.342–0.456) 0.654 (0.594–0.709) 0.608 (0.541–0.659) 0.426 (0.371–0.489) 0.316 (0.260–0.363)
2023 0.557 (0.496–0.624) 0.661 (0.598–0.720) 0.613 (0.551–0.675) 0.439 (0.390–0.515) 0.295 (0.242–0.338)
2024 0.569 (0.505–0.630) 0.544 (0.489–0.610) 0.625 (0.566–0.690) 0.425 (0.358–0.484) 0.276 (0.230–0.318)
2025 0.540 (0.474–0.603) 0.500 (0.434–0.555) 0.640 (0.579–0.708) 0.405 (0.347–0.469) 0.265 (0.214–0.300)

† series break

Human Development Index (HDI)

index (0 to 1). Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1990–2023. No data in this source: Latin America & Caribbean.

Human Development Index (HDI)
Source: UNDP — Human Development Report · Source version: HDR 2025 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: CC-BY-3.0-IGO · Paper behind the metric: Ravallion, M
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts
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Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexico
1990 0.641 0.733 0.718 0.623 0.668
1991 0.645 0.739 0.723 0.630 0.670
1992 0.648 0.743 0.730 0.639 0.672
1993 0.654 0.748 0.725 0.645 0.675
1994 0.659 0.753 0.730 0.650 0.680
1995 0.666 0.754 0.739 0.655 0.680
1996 0.671 0.760 0.745 0.663 0.687
1997 0.676 0.768 0.752 0.670 0.694
1998 0.680 0.772 0.759 0.676 0.701
1999 0.684 0.783 0.766 0.673 0.706
2000 0.690 0.789 0.771 0.679 0.712
2001 0.694 0.795 0.778 0.681 0.715
2002 0.700 0.795 0.784 0.684 0.722
2003 0.705 0.804 0.789 0.691 0.728
2004 0.712 0.808 0.797 0.699 0.732
2005 0.718 0.812 0.804 0.711 0.736
2006 0.725 0.822 0.804 0.712 0.745
2007 0.732 0.825 0.812 0.724 0.747
2008 0.739 0.833 0.820 0.731 0.750
2009 0.742 0.835 0.819 0.736 0.749
2010 0.748 0.844 0.823 0.741 0.751
2011 0.753 0.852 0.823 0.747 0.757
2012 0.758 0.850 0.832 0.748 0.764
2013 0.762 0.852 0.845 0.760 0.765
2014 0.765 0.855 0.849 0.763 0.769
2015 0.764 0.859 0.855 0.767 0.773
2016 0.765 0.857 0.859 0.772 0.778
2017 0.770 0.861 0.862 0.774 0.781
2018 0.774 0.861 0.866 0.775 0.785
2019 0.776 0.861 0.867 0.777 0.788
2020 0.770 0.851 0.856 0.764 0.763
2021 0.768 0.847 0.865 0.762 0.761
2022 0.780 0.858 0.869 0.782 0.783
2023 0.786 0.865 0.878 0.788 0.789

† series break

Voice and accountability (WGI)

estimate (≈ −2.5 to +2.5). Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1996–2025 (27 years). No data in this source: Latin America & Caribbean.

Voice and accountability (WGI)
Source: World Bank — Worldwide Governance Indicators · Source version: 2026-09-25 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: CC-BY-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Kaufmann, D
Uncertainty: 90% confidence interval: estimate ± 1.645 × standard error published by the WGI.
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts
View the data as a table
Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexico
1996 0.15 (-0.16–0.46) 0.29 (-0.02–0.60) 0.79 (0.48–1.10) -0.56 (-0.87–-0.26) -0.15 (-0.45–0.16)
1998 0.13 (-0.18–0.44) 0.18 (-0.13–0.48) 0.62 (0.32–0.93) -0.51 (-0.82–-0.20) -0.09 (-0.40–0.21)
2000 0.24 (-0.06–0.55) 0.31 (0.00–0.62) 0.86 (0.55–1.17) -0.54 (-0.85–-0.23) 0.13 (-0.17–0.44)
2002 0.41 (0.15–0.68) 0.34 (0.08–0.61) 1.20 (0.93–1.46) -0.51 (-0.77–-0.24) 0.29 (0.02–0.55)
2003 0.42 (0.15–0.68) 0.44 (0.17–0.70) 1.15 (0.89–1.42) -0.52 (-0.78–-0.25) 0.33 (0.06–0.59)
2004 0.50 (0.24–0.76) 0.49 (0.23–0.76) 1.14 (0.87–1.40) -0.28 (-0.51–-0.05) 0.37 (0.10–0.63)
2005 0.67 (0.41–0.93) 0.54 (0.28–0.80) 1.28 (1.02–1.54) -0.28 (-0.50–-0.05) 0.38 (0.12–0.64)
2006 0.67 (0.42–0.92) 0.53 (0.29–0.78) 1.28 (1.02–1.54) -0.22 (-0.45–0.00) 0.27 (0.02–0.51)
2007 0.65 (0.41–0.90) 0.53 (0.29–0.78) 1.29 (1.03–1.56) -0.18 (-0.40–0.04) 0.23 (-0.02–0.47)
2008 0.76 (0.51–1.00) 0.46 (0.21–0.71) 1.18 (0.93–1.43) -0.10 (-0.32–0.12) 0.24 (-0.01–0.49)
2009 0.68 (0.47–0.90) 0.45 (0.23–0.67) 1.21 (0.96–1.46) -0.12 (-0.34–0.10) 0.35 (0.13–0.57)
2010 0.73 (0.51–0.94) 0.51 (0.29–0.73) 1.18 (0.93–1.43) -0.12 (-0.34–0.10) 0.37 (0.15–0.59)
2011 0.63 (0.43–0.84) 0.44 (0.23–0.64) 1.10 (0.88–1.33) -0.00 (-0.21–0.20) 0.23 (0.02–0.43)
2012 0.71 (0.48–0.94) 0.43 (0.20–0.66) 1.09 (0.86–1.32) -0.01 (-0.24–0.22) 0.17 (-0.06–0.40)
2013 0.59 (0.35–0.83) 0.34 (0.10–0.58) 1.10 (0.86–1.34) -0.07 (-0.31–0.17) 0.15 (-0.09–0.39)
2014 0.57 (0.33–0.80) 0.38 (0.14–0.62) 1.11 (0.87–1.34) -0.02 (-0.26–0.22) 0.06 (-0.18–0.30)
2015 0.58 (0.35–0.82) 0.43 (0.19–0.67) 1.08 (0.84–1.32) 0.05 (-0.19–0.28) -0.01 (-0.25–0.23)
2016 0.54 (0.30–0.78) 0.50 (0.26–0.74) 1.09 (0.85–1.33) 0.08 (-0.15–0.32) -0.03 (-0.27–0.21)
2017 0.52 (0.29–0.75) 0.60 (0.36–0.84) 1.08 (0.84–1.32) 0.07 (-0.17–0.31) -0.08 (-0.31–0.15)
2018 0.40 (0.15–0.64) 0.65 (0.40–0.91) 1.08 (0.83–1.33) 0.12 (-0.13–0.37) 0.02 (-0.23–0.26)
2019 0.32 (0.08–0.56) 0.63 (0.38–0.88) 1.03 (0.78–1.28) 0.13 (-0.12–0.38) 0.01 (-0.23–0.26)
2020 0.29 (0.04–0.53) 0.63 (0.38–0.88) 1.04 (0.79–1.29) 0.11 (-0.14–0.37) -0.02 (-0.26–0.23)
2021 0.16 (-0.08–0.41) 0.58 (0.33–0.83) 1.00 (0.75–1.25) 0.02 (-0.23–0.27) -0.12 (-0.37–0.12)
2022 0.12 (-0.13–0.36) 0.54 (0.29–0.79) 1.02 (0.77–1.27) 0.12 (-0.13–0.37) -0.14 (-0.38–0.10)
2023 0.28 (0.04–0.53) 0.53 (0.28–0.79) 1.04 (0.78–1.29) 0.12 (-0.13–0.37) -0.16 (-0.41–0.08)
2024 0.40 (0.16–0.65) 0.43 (0.18–0.67) 1.02 (0.76–1.27) 0.12 (-0.13–0.38) -0.24 (-0.49–0.00)
2025 0.42 (0.18–0.67) 0.45 (0.20–0.69) 1.04 (0.78–1.29) 0.04 (-0.21–0.30) -0.28 (-0.53–-0.04)

† series break

Government effectiveness (WGI)

estimate (≈ −2.5 to +2.5). Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1996–2025 (27 years). No data in this source: Latin America & Caribbean.

Government effectiveness (WGI)
Source: World Bank — Worldwide Governance Indicators · Source version: 2026-09-25 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: CC-BY-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Kaufmann, D
Uncertainty: 90% confidence interval: estimate ± 1.645 × standard error published by the WGI.
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts
View the data as a table
Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexico
1996 -0.05 (-0.46–0.37) 0.26 (-0.16–0.67) 1.01 (0.60–1.43) -0.03 (-0.45–0.38) -0.46 (-0.87–-0.04)
1998 -0.25 (-0.67–0.16) 0.08 (-0.34–0.49) 0.92 (0.51–1.34) -0.41 (-0.83–0.00) 0.05 (-0.37–0.46)
2000 -0.23 (-0.64–0.19) 0.03 (-0.38–0.45) 0.96 (0.54–1.37) -0.44 (-0.86–-0.03) 0.03 (-0.38–0.45)
2002 -0.11 (-0.50–0.28) -0.19 (-0.58–0.19) 1.10 (0.71–1.48) -0.79 (-1.18–-0.41) -0.34 (-0.73–0.04)
2003 -0.16 (-0.55–0.23) -0.11 (-0.50–0.27) 1.15 (0.76–1.53) -0.48 (-0.87–-0.10) -0.30 (-0.69–0.09)
2004 -0.23 (-0.60–0.14) 0.01 (-0.35–0.38) 1.14 (0.77–1.51) -0.29 (-0.66–0.08) -0.24 (-0.61–0.13)
2005 -0.33 (-0.70–0.04) 0.05 (-0.32–0.42) 1.30 (0.93–1.67) -0.34 (-0.71–0.03) -0.14 (-0.51–0.23)
2006 -0.37 (-0.74–-0.01) 0.09 (-0.27–0.46) 1.27 (0.91–1.64) -0.24 (-0.61–0.13) -0.10 (-0.46–0.27)
2007 -0.38 (-0.74–-0.01) 0.05 (-0.32–0.41) 1.28 (0.91–1.65) -0.23 (-0.60–0.14) -0.17 (-0.54–0.19)
2008 0.11 (-0.26–0.48) -0.02 (-0.38–0.35) 1.27 (0.90–1.63) -0.09 (-0.45–0.28) 0.14 (-0.22–0.51)
2009 0.19 (-0.18–0.56) -0.01 (-0.37–0.36) 1.33 (0.97–1.70) -0.15 (-0.52–0.22) 0.23 (-0.14–0.60)
2010 0.19 (-0.17–0.56) 0.07 (-0.29–0.44) 1.21 (0.83–1.59) -0.03 (-0.40–0.33) 0.07 (-0.30–0.44)
2011 0.17 (-0.20–0.54) 0.13 (-0.24–0.50) 1.27 (0.89–1.66) 0.07 (-0.30–0.43) 0.21 (-0.15–0.58)
2012 0.19 (-0.17–0.56) 0.07 (-0.30–0.44) 1.31 (0.93–1.69) 0.03 (-0.34–0.40) 0.30 (-0.06–0.67)
2013 0.28 (-0.09–0.65) 0.05 (-0.31–0.42) 1.28 (0.90–1.66) 0.06 (-0.30–0.43) 0.31 (-0.06–0.67)
2014 0.14 (-0.23–0.50) 0.23 (-0.14–0.60) 1.18 (0.80–1.56) -0.07 (-0.43–0.30) 0.19 (-0.18–0.56)
2015 0.04 (-0.33–0.41) 0.14 (-0.22–0.51) 1.12 (0.74–1.50) -0.00 (-0.37–0.37) 0.16 (-0.20–0.53)
2016 0.03 (-0.34–0.39) 0.35 (-0.02–0.72) 1.05 (0.67–1.44) 0.02 (-0.35–0.38) 0.18 (-0.18–0.55)
2017 -0.04 (-0.41–0.32) 0.31 (-0.06–0.68) 1.04 (0.65–1.42) -0.03 (-0.39–0.34) 0.09 (-0.27–0.46)
2018 -0.14 (-0.51–0.23) 0.30 (-0.07–0.67) 1.10 (0.72–1.48) -0.01 (-0.37–0.36) 0.04 (-0.33–0.40)
2019 0.09 (-0.28–0.45) 0.31 (-0.06–0.67) 1.11 (0.72–1.49) 0.03 (-0.34–0.39) 0.05 (-0.31–0.42)
2020 -0.02 (-0.39–0.35) 0.19 (-0.18–0.56) 0.93 (0.55–1.31) -0.02 (-0.38–0.35) 0.01 (-0.35–0.38)
2021 -0.01 (-0.38–0.36) 0.13 (-0.23–0.50) 0.91 (0.53–1.29) -0.02 (-0.39–0.34) -0.03 (-0.39–0.34)
2022 -0.20 (-0.55–0.15) 0.12 (-0.23–0.47) 0.93 (0.56–1.29) 0.02 (-0.33–0.37) -0.09 (-0.45–0.26)
2023 -0.25 (-0.62–0.12) 0.03 (-0.33–0.40) 1.01 (0.64–1.37) -0.04 (-0.40–0.32) -0.11 (-0.48–0.25)
2024 -0.19 (-0.55–0.18) 0.19 (-0.17–0.56) 1.01 (0.65–1.38) -0.04 (-0.40–0.33) -0.19 (-0.55–0.18)
2025 -0.04 (-0.40–0.33) 0.28 (-0.09–0.64) 1.04 (0.68–1.41) -0.09 (-0.46–0.27) -0.18 (-0.54–0.18)

† series break

Control of corruption (WGI)

estimate (≈ −2.5 to +2.5). Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1996–2025 (27 years). No data in this source: Latin America & Caribbean.

Control of corruption (WGI)
Source: World Bank — Worldwide Governance Indicators · Source version: 2026-09-25 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: CC-BY-4.0 · Paper behind the metric: Kaufmann, D
Uncertainty: 90% confidence interval: estimate ± 1.645 × standard error published by the WGI.
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts
View the data as a table
Year BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexico
1996 0.12 (-0.21–0.45) -0.23 (-0.56–0.10) 1.59 (1.26–1.92) -0.52 (-0.85–-0.19) -0.66 (-0.99–-0.33)
1998 0.16 (-0.17–0.50) -0.42 (-0.75–-0.09) 1.37 (1.04–1.70) -0.59 (-0.93–-0.26) -0.42 (-0.75–-0.08)
2000 0.11 (-0.22–0.44) -0.31 (-0.64–0.02) 1.54 (1.21–1.87) -0.63 (-0.96–-0.29) -0.05 (-0.38–0.28)
2002 0.10 (-0.23–0.43) -0.56 (-0.90–-0.23) 1.55 (1.22–1.88) -0.24 (-0.57–0.10) -0.33 (-0.66–0.00)
2003 0.05 (-0.28–0.38) -0.55 (-0.88–-0.22) 1.17 (0.84–1.50) -0.18 (-0.51–0.15) -0.33 (-0.66–0.00)
2004 -0.11 (-0.40–0.19) -0.41 (-0.70–-0.11) 1.27 (0.97–1.56) -0.07 (-0.36–0.22) -0.46 (-0.75–-0.17)
2005 -0.25 (-0.55–0.04) -0.39 (-0.68–-0.09) 1.50 (1.21–1.80) -0.10 (-0.39–0.19) -0.44 (-0.73–-0.14)
2006 -0.22 (-0.51–0.07) -0.32 (-0.61–-0.03) 1.47 (1.18–1.76) -0.20 (-0.49–0.08) -0.34 (-0.63–-0.05)
2007 -0.29 (-0.58–0.00) -0.42 (-0.70–-0.13) 1.40 (1.10–1.69) -0.26 (-0.55–0.02) -0.41 (-0.70–-0.12)
2008 -0.09 (-0.38–0.20) -0.41 (-0.70–-0.12) 1.40 (1.11–1.69) -0.23 (-0.51–0.06) -0.39 (-0.68–-0.10)
2009 -0.04 (-0.32–0.25) -0.39 (-0.68–-0.11) 1.42 (1.13–1.71) -0.29 (-0.57–-0.00) -0.32 (-0.60–-0.03)
2010 -0.01 (-0.30–0.27) -0.36 (-0.65–-0.08) 1.51 (1.21–1.81) -0.37 (-0.66–-0.09) -0.38 (-0.67–-0.10)
2011 0.22 (-0.04–0.47) -0.34 (-0.59–-0.08) 1.54 (1.28–1.81) -0.20 (-0.46–0.06) -0.42 (-0.68–-0.17)
2012 -0.02 (-0.29–0.24) -0.54 (-0.80–-0.28) 1.48 (1.21–1.75) -0.41 (-0.67–-0.15) -0.49 (-0.75–-0.23)
2013 -0.08 (-0.34–0.19) -0.54 (-0.80–-0.28) 1.43 (1.16–1.70) -0.44 (-0.70–-0.18) -0.56 (-0.83–-0.30)
2014 -0.26 (-0.52–0.01) -0.66 (-0.93–-0.40) 1.39 (1.12–1.65) -0.37 (-0.63–-0.11) -0.79 (-1.05–-0.53)
2015 -0.35 (-0.61–-0.09) -0.64 (-0.91–-0.38) 1.15 (0.88–1.41) -0.32 (-0.58–-0.05) -0.84 (-1.11–-0.58)
2016 -0.34 (-0.60–-0.07) -0.22 (-0.48–0.04) 1.13 (0.86–1.40) -0.37 (-0.63–-0.11) -0.81 (-1.07–-0.55)
2017 -0.47 (-0.73–-0.20) -0.18 (-0.44–0.09) 1.11 (0.85–1.38) -0.41 (-0.67–-0.15) -0.95 (-1.21–-0.69)
2018 -0.43 (-0.69–-0.17) -0.01 (-0.27–0.25) 1.10 (0.83–1.37) -0.32 (-0.58–-0.05) -0.96 (-1.22–-0.70)
2019 -0.37 (-0.64–-0.11) -0.08 (-0.35–0.18) 1.16 (0.89–1.43) -0.27 (-0.54–-0.01) -0.89 (-1.16–-0.63)
2020 -0.34 (-0.60–-0.07) -0.14 (-0.40–0.13) 1.22 (0.95–1.49) -0.26 (-0.52–0.01) -0.86 (-1.12–-0.59)
2021 -0.40 (-0.67–-0.14) -0.32 (-0.59–-0.06) 1.15 (0.88–1.42) -0.27 (-0.53–-0.01) -0.87 (-1.14–-0.61)
2022 -0.46 (-0.72–-0.19) -0.34 (-0.60–-0.08) 1.15 (0.88–1.42) -0.26 (-0.52–0.00) -0.88 (-1.14–-0.62)
2023 -0.44 (-0.71–-0.17) -0.34 (-0.60–-0.07) 1.06 (0.79–1.33) -0.30 (-0.56–-0.03) -0.92 (-1.19–-0.66)
2024 -0.40 (-0.66–-0.13) -0.33 (-0.59–-0.06) 1.14 (0.87–1.41) -0.28 (-0.55–-0.02) -0.93 (-1.19–-0.66)
2025 -0.38 (-0.65–-0.11) -0.39 (-0.65–-0.12) 1.10 (0.83–1.37) -0.31 (-0.58–-0.04) -0.94 (-1.21–-0.68)

† series break

Change during each government period

Each year is attributed to the government in office on July 1. The change runs from the year before the period's first year to its last year; the lag shifts this window, because policy effects show up later. GDP per capita as percent change; the others in points.

This visualization is descriptive and does not show that a government caused the change. See the methodology.

Period Years BrazilArgentinaChileColombiaMexicoLatin America & Caribbean
João Figueiredo 1979–1985 1979→1984 −3.7%−6.5%−6.2%+0.5%+5.0%−2.3%
José Sarney 1985 (acting, Tancredo Neves ill) · acting no year assigned (under six months, no July 1)
José Sarney 1985–1990 1984→1989 (year with a change of president) +12.0%−12.2%+27.5%+11.5%−5.2%+1.9%
Fernando Collor 1990–1992 1989→1992 (year with a change of president) −8.7%+10.0%+18.5%+4.2%+7.0%+0.1%
Itamar Franco 1992 (acting during impeachment) · acting no year assigned (under six months, no July 1)
Itamar Franco 1992–1994 1992→1994 (year with a change of president) +7.6%+11.5%+8.7%+7.2%+3.5%+5.8%
Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1st term (1995–1998) 1994→1998 +4.1%+9.5%+23.9%+3.8%+6.2%+6.7%
Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2nd term (1999–2002) 1998→2002 +3.8%−21.9%+6.3%−3.7%+0.9%−0.9%
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 1st term (2003–2006) 2002→2006 +9.8%+34.0%+20.4%+15.7%+6.2%+12.7%
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2nd term (2007–2010) 2006→2010 +15.4%+12.8%+9.8%+11.1%−4.3%+8.2%
Dilma Rousseff 1st term (2011–2014) 2010→2014 +6.2%+0.5%+14.0%+17.4%+5.0%+6.8%
Dilma Rousseff 2nd term (2015–2016) 2014→2015 −4.3%+1.7%+1.1%+2.1%+1.6%−0.7%
Michel Temer 2016 (acting during impeachment) · acting 2015→2016 (year with a change of president) −4.0%−3.0%+0.5%+1.1%+0.8%−1.7%
Michel Temer 2016–2018 2016→2018 (year with a change of president) +1.7%−1.6%+1.9%+0.6%+1.9%+1.0%
Jair Bolsonaro 2019–2022 2018→2022 +3.6%+1.7%+3.7%+7.9%−2.8%+1.4%
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 3rd term (2023–) 2022→2025 +7.9%+0.1%+4.4%+1.7%+2.4%+4.8%

* year with a change of president.