Education under Temer

2016–2018 · 2016 (acting during impeachment)

Public education spending was 6.3% of GDP in 2016 and 6.1% in 2018, and research and development spending went from 1.2% to 1.2% of GDP. The government passed the spending cap, the secondary school reform, the national curriculum base and the Fies reform.

This visualization is descriptive and does not show that a government caused the change. See the methodology.

What started

New fiscal regime (spending cap)

2016-12-15 · Emenda Constitucional 95/2016 · Not yet checked against the official record · Record on the education page

Caps for twenty years the growth of the Union's primary spending at the previous year's value adjusted for inflation. The education floor kept the previous rule in 2017 and is adjusted for inflation from 2018, and the Union's Fundeb top-up sits outside the cap; the reading of the floor is contested in the Supreme Federal Court.
- Afterwards, 2023: Replaced · Lei Complementar 200/2023 — Replaced in 2023 by a new fiscal framework.
Source: www.planalto.gov.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.3 %
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.2 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 131.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices): 45.5 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.7 years
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 49.0 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 102.7 %
Secondary school reform

2017-02-16 · Lei 13.415/2017 · Not yet checked against the official record · Record on the education page

Amends the LDB to lengthen school hours, create formative itineraries and adopt the national curriculum base; originated in a 2016 provisional measure.
- Afterwards, 2024: Amended · Lei 14.945/2024 — Revised in 2024, with more basic general education hours and reorganized itineraries.
Source: www.planalto.gov.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.3 %
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.1 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 133.0 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices): 45.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.8 years
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 50.7 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 103.0 %
Fies reform

2017-12-07 · Lei 13.530/2017 · Checked against the official record on 2026-11-01 · Record on the education page

Creates new student financing modalities, with income-linked repayment.

Source: legis.senado.leg.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.3 %
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.1 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 133.0 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices): 45.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.8 years
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 50.7 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 103.0 %
National Common Curriculum Base

2017-12-22 · Not yet checked against the official record

Defines the essential learning of early childhood and primary education (approved in 2017) and of secondary education (2018).

Source: abmes.org.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.3 %
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.1 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 133.0 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices): 45.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.8 years
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 50.7 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 103.0 %
More Literacy Program

2018-02-22 · Portaria MEC 142/2018 · Not yet checked against the official record

Supports literacy in the first two years of primary school with literacy assistants; succeeds the 2012 pact.

Source: portal.mec.gov.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.1 %
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.2 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 126.5 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices): 42.2 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 8.0 years
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 52.1 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 104.8 %

Cuts, withholdings and limits

End of new undergraduate Science without Borders scholarships

2016-07-26 · Cut · Not yet checked against the official record

The government stopped granting new undergraduate scholarships abroad under the program, keeping graduate ones. The minister of the time said in 2017 that new places had already been suspended since 2015.

Source: www12.senado.leg.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.3 %
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.2 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 131.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices): 45.5 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.7 years
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 49.0 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 102.7 %
Block on the science and technology budget that reached CNPq

2017 · Withholding (contingenciamento) · Not yet checked against the official record

In 2017 the science and technology ministry's budget suffered a significant block; CNPq was spared at first and then hit, and part of the block was later reversed. Amounts differ across sources and were not checked.

Source: ihu.unisinos.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.3 %
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.1 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 133.0 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices): 45.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.8 years
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 50.7 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 103.0 %
Spending cap and the federal budget

2017 · Fiscal rule · Emenda Constitucional 95/2016 · Not yet checked against the official record

The fiscal rule began to limit federal discretionary spending, including universities and research agencies, while the education floor grew with inflation. Federal spending paid on education, at constant prices and in billions of reais, was 131.8 in 2016 and 126.5 in 2018; paid on higher education, 45.5 to 42.2.

Source: www.planalto.gov.br
Series in the event's year (Brazil)
- Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): 6.3 %
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.1 %
- Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): 133.0 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices): 45.8 R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year
- Mean years of schooling (UNDP): 7.8 years
- Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): 50.7 %
- Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): 103.0 %

Change in the series over the period

From the year before the start to the last year of the period, with an optional lag. Compare with Latin America and neighbors: if all moved together, the change is probably not a government's doing.

Absolute change in the series unit (p.p. = percentage points); relative change, in %, only where shown.

no lag

Indicator	Window	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico	Latin America & Caribbean
Government expenditure on education (% of GDP) %	2015–2018 *	−0.2 p.p.	−0.9 p.p.	+0.6 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.9 p.p.	+0.0 p.p.
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) %	2015–2018 *	−0.1 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.
Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2015–2018 *	−6.1 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2015–2018 *	−7.6 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Mean years of schooling (UNDP) years	2015–2018 *	+0.5 yrs	+0.2 yrs	+0.5 yrs	+0.4 yrs	+0.3 yrs	no data
Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2015–2018 *	+3.0 p.p.	+7.3 p.p.	+4.8 p.p.	+2.5 p.p.	+9.7 p.p.	+4.1 p.p.
Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2015–2018 *	+3.7 p.p.	+2.2 p.p.	+2.3 p.p.	+2.7 p.p.	+5.0 p.p.	+2.5 p.p.

1-year lag

Indicator	Window	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico	Latin America & Caribbean
Government expenditure on education (% of GDP) %	2016–2019 *	−0.4 p.p.	−0.8 p.p.	+0.3 p.p.	+0.0 p.p.	no data	+0.1 p.p.
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) %	2016–2019 *	−0.0 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	+0.1 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.	−0.1 p.p.
Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2016–2019 *	−13.9 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2016–2019 *	−3.7 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Mean years of schooling (UNDP) years	2016–2019 *	+0.4 yrs	+0.2 yrs	+0.5 yrs	+0.4 yrs	+0.5 yrs	no data
Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2016–2019 *	+4.7 p.p.	+8.5 p.p.	+3.2 p.p.	−0.5 p.p.	+4.5 p.p.	+3.0 p.p.
Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2016–2019 *	+1.0 p.p.	+0.9 p.p.	+2.9 p.p.	+3.6 p.p.	+2.6 p.p.	+1.6 p.p.

2-year lag

Indicator	Window	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico	Latin America & Caribbean
Government expenditure on education (% of GDP) %	2017–2020	−0.5 p.p.	−0.2 p.p.	+0.2 p.p.	+0.7 p.p.	+0.1 p.p.	+0.1 p.p.
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) %	2017–2020	+0.1 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	+0.0 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.	−0.0 p.p.
Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2017–2020	−26.8 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices) R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year	2017–2020	−6.8 R$ bn	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data
Mean years of schooling (UNDP) years	2017–2020	+0.4 yrs	+0.1 yrs	+0.5 yrs	+0.5 yrs	+0.5 yrs	no data
Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2017–2020	+4.8 p.p.	+10.0 p.p.	−0.8 p.p.	−2.7 p.p.	+4.8 p.p.	+3.1 p.p.
Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population) %	2017–2020	+0.9 p.p.	+2.0 p.p.	+1.4 p.p.	+2.3 p.p.	−2.5 p.p.	+0.6 p.p.

Pace before and during the government

Yearly change in this window, against the same length immediately before. Talk of a change in pace only when the series moved differently before; even then it does not say why. If Latin America changed pace together, the cause is probably not the government.

Indicator	Before	During	Latin America & Caribbean: before → during
Government expenditure on education (% of GDP) per year	+0.13 p.p. (2012–2015)	−0.05 p.p. (2015–2018)	−0.11 p.p. → +0.00 p.p.
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) per year	+0.05 p.p. (2012–2015)	−0.04 p.p. (2015–2018)	+0.02 p.p. → −0.03 p.p.
Mean years of schooling (UNDP) per year	+0.10 yrs (2012–2015)	+0.16 yrs (2015–2018)	no data
Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population) per year	+1.75 p.p. (2012–2015)	+0.99 p.p. (2015–2018)	+1.32 p.p. → +1.35 p.p.
Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population) per year	+2.17 p.p. (2012–2015)	+1.24 p.p. (2015–2018)	+1.74 p.p. → +0.83 p.p.

Government expenditure on education (% of GDP)

Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Mexico

%. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 1995–2022 (25 years); Argentina: 1975–2023 (41 years); Chile: 1975–2022 (35 years); Colombia: 1979–2020 (29 years); Mexico: 1989–2022 (30 years).

Government expenditure on education (% of GDP): Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

View the data as a table

Year	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico
1975	–	1.8	3.5	–	–
1976	–	1.2	–	–	–
1977	–	1.7	–	–	–
1978	–	1.9	3.0	–	–
1979	–	2.4	3.4	1.8	–
1980	–	2.6	4.1	1.7	–
1981	–	–	4.8	2.6	–
1982	–	1.6	–	–	–
1983	–	1.6	–	–	–
1984	–	2.6	–	3.0	–
1985	–	1.4	–	2.7	–
1986	–	1.3	–	–	–
1987	–	1.3	2.8	–	–
1989	–	1.0	–	2.7	2.3
1990	–	1.1	2.2	–	2.3
1991	–	–	–	–	2.5
1992	–	–	–	–	3.0
1993	–	–	2.4	–	–
1994	–	–	2.5	–	3.5
1995	4.6	–	2.6	–	3.5
1996	–	3.7	2.8	–	–
1997	–	–	3.0	–	–
1998	4.8	4.0	3.3	3.9	3.2
1999	3.8	4.5	3.7	4.4	3.4
2000	3.9	4.6	3.8	3.5	3.8
2001	3.8	4.8	–	3.7	4.0
2002	3.8	4.0	4.0	4.3	4.2
2003	–	3.5	3.9	4.3	4.8
2004	4.0	3.5	3.5	4.1	4.5
2005	4.5	3.9	3.3	4.0	4.6
2006	4.9	4.1	3.0	3.9	4.5
2007	5.0	4.5	3.2	4.1	4.5
2008	5.3	4.8	3.8	3.9	4.6
2009	5.5	5.5	4.3	4.8	4.9
2010	5.6	5.0	4.2	4.8	4.9
2011	5.7	5.3	4.1	4.5	4.9
2012	5.9	5.3	–	4.4	4.9
2013	5.8	5.4	4.5	4.9	4.5
2014	5.9	5.4	4.8	4.6	5.1
2015	6.2	5.8	4.9	4.5	5.1
2016	6.3	5.5	5.4	4.5	4.8
2017	6.3	5.5	5.4	4.5	4.4
2018	6.1	4.9	5.5	4.4	4.1
2019	6.0	4.8	5.6	4.5	–
2020	5.8	5.3	5.6	5.3	4.5
2021	5.5	4.7	5.0	–	4.2
2022	5.6	4.8	4.9	–	4.1
2023	–	5.0	–	–	–

† series break

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Mexico

%. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 2000–2023; Argentina: 1996–2023; Chile: 2007–2022; Colombia: 2000–2020; Mexico: 1996–2024.

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico
1996	–	0.4	–	–	0.2
1997	–	0.4	–	–	0.3
1998	–	0.4	–	–	0.3
1999	–	0.5	–	–	0.3
2000	1.0	0.4	–	0.1	0.3
2001	1.1	0.4	–	0.1	0.3
2002	1.0	0.4	–	0.2	0.3
2003	1.0	0.4	–	0.2	0.4
2004	1.0	0.4	–	0.2	0.4
2005	1.0	0.4	–	0.2	0.4
2006	1.0	0.5	–	0.2	0.4
2007	1.1	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.4
2008	1.1	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.4
2009	1.1	0.6	0.4	0.2	0.5
2010	1.2	0.6	0.3	0.2	0.5
2011	1.1	0.6	0.4	0.2	0.5
2012	1.1	0.6	0.4	0.2	0.4
2013	1.2	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.4
2014	1.3	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.4
2015	1.3	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.4
2016	1.2	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.4
2017	1.1	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.3
2018	1.2	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.3
2019	1.2	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3
2020	1.2	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3
2021	1.1	0.5	0.4	–	0.3
2022	1.2	0.5	0.4	–	0.3
2023	1.2	0.6	–	–	0.3
2024	–	–	–	–	0.3

† series break

Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices)

R$ billion, at prices of the latest full year. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 2014–2025. No data in this source: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico.

Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices): Source: National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version: DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: ODbL-1.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil
2014	134.1
2015	132.6
2016	131.8
2017	133.0
2018	126.5
2019	118.0
2020	106.2
2021	107.6
2022	114.3
2023	130.2
2024	131.9
2025	148.5

† series break

Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices)

Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices): Source: National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version: DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: ODbL-1.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil
2014	47.3
2015	49.8
2016	45.5
2017	45.8
2018	42.2
2019	41.9
2020	39.0
2021	35.6
2022	34.4
2023	36.6
2024	36.4
2025	40.5

† series break

Mean years of schooling (UNDP)

Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Mexico

years. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: all series: 1990–2023.

Mean years of schooling (UNDP): Source: UNDP — Human Development Report · Source version: HDR 2025 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: CC-BY-3.0-IGO
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico
1990	3.7	8.1	8.4	6.3	5.9
1991	3.8	8.2	8.5	6.4	6.0
1992	4.0	8.3	8.5	6.4	6.1
1993	4.1	8.3	8.6	6.5	6.2
1994	4.3	8.4	8.7	6.6	6.2
1995	4.4	8.5	8.8	6.6	6.3
1996	4.6	8.5	8.9	6.7	6.4
1997	4.8	8.6	8.9	6.7	6.4
1998	4.9	8.7	9.0	6.8	6.5
1999	5.1	8.7	9.1	6.8	6.6
2000	5.3	8.8	9.1	6.9	6.7
2001	5.4	8.9	9.3	6.9	6.8
2002	5.6	9.4	9.4	7.0	7.0
2003	5.8	9.9	9.6	7.0	7.1
2004	6.0	10.0	9.7	7.1	7.3
2005	6.2	10.1	9.7	7.3	7.5
2006	6.3	10.2	9.8	6.8	7.9
2007	6.5	10.3	9.8	7.2	7.9
2008	6.7	10.4	10.1	7.3	7.9
2009	6.8	10.5	10.0	7.3	8.1
2010	6.9	10.6	9.9	7.4	8.0
2011	7.0	10.7	9.5	7.5	8.3
2012	7.2	10.8	9.8	7.6	8.5
2013	7.3	10.9	10.0	7.8	8.4
2014	7.4	10.9	10.1	8.0	8.4
2015	7.5	10.9	10.3	8.1	8.6
2016	7.7	10.9	10.4	8.2	8.6
2017	7.8	11.0	10.6	8.4	8.7
2018	8.0	11.1	10.8	8.5	8.9
2019	8.1	11.1	10.9	8.6	9.1
2020	8.3	11.1	11.1	8.9	9.2
2021	8.4	11.2	11.3	9.0	9.3
2022	8.4	11.2	11.3	9.0	9.3
2023	8.4	11.2	11.3	9.0	9.3

† series break

Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population)

Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Mexico

%. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 2012–2024 (12 years); Argentina: 1975–2023 (41 years); Chile: 2000–2024 (24 years); Colombia: 2000–2022 (22 years); Mexico: 2000–2024.

Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population): Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

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Year	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico
1975	–	26.9	–	–	–
1976	–	26.9	–	–	–
1977	–	24.0	–	–	–
1978	–	21.2	–	–	–
1979	–	22.0	–	–	–
1980	–	21.6	–	–	–
1981	–	23.0	–	–	–
1982	–	23.7	–	–	–
1983	–	24.8	–	–	–
1984	–	28.7	–	–	–
1985	–	35.7	–	–	–
1986	–	37.8	–	–	–
1987	–	39.8	–	–	–
1991	–	38.3	–	–	–
1994	–	37.4	–	–	–
1998	–	48.0	–	–	–
1999	–	49.5	–	–	–
2000	–	54.1	35.4	25.5	20.5
2001	–	58.5	–	26.4	21.4
2002	–	61.7	40.3	26.5	22.3
2003	–	64.0	43.5	–	23.0
2004	–	64.6	44.3	29.5	23.7
2005	–	63.5	50.3	32.3	24.1
2006	–	66.9	49.3	34.4	24.6
2007	–	66.7	54.7	35.5	25.1
2008	–	68.6	56.8	37.9	25.8
2009	–	70.7	60.0	39.5	26.2
2010	–	73.8	66.3	41.5	27.2
2011	–	77.0	70.8	45.3	28.0
2012	43.8	78.1	75.1	47.5	29.3
2013	45.0	78.6	79.9	50.7	30.3
2014	47.8	81.1	83.7	53.2	31.2
2015	49.1	83.8	86.4	54.8	32.0
2016	49.0	86.7	88.8	57.1	38.6
2017	50.7	89.3	89.9	58.4	40.3
2018	52.1	91.1	91.2	57.3	41.6
2019	53.6	95.2	92.1	56.7	43.0
2020	55.5	99.4	89.1	55.7	45.2
2021	57.6	107.2	96.2	58.3	45.7
2022	61.0	107.1	99.3	59.3	46.4
2023	–	107.8	104.7	–	47.5
2024	69.7	–	110.2	–	48.2

† series break

Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population)

Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Mexico

%. Background bands: Brazil's presidents, not those of the chart's other geographies. Years with data: Brazil: 2012–2024 (12 years); Argentina: 1975–2023 (45 years); Chile: 2000–2024 (24 years); Colombia: 2000–2022 (21 years); Mexico: 2000–2024.

Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population): Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version: 2026-10-08 · Collected on: 2026-11-01 · License: CC-BY-4.0
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts

View the data as a table

Year	Brazil	Argentina	Chile	Colombia	Mexico
1975	–	54.1	–	–	–
1976	–	55.4	–	–	–
1977	–	55.1	–	–	–
1978	–	55.0	–	–	–
1979	–	55.1	–	–	–
1980	–	56.2	–	–	–
1981	–	57.6	–	–	–
1982	–	59.6	–	–	–
1983	–	60.4	–	–	–
1984	–	66.0	–	–	–
1985	–	70.6	–	–	–
1986	–	70.5	–	–	–
1987	–	70.3	–	–	–
1988	–	70.9	–	–	–
1990	–	73.0	–	–	–
1991	–	74.1	–	–	–
1994	–	70.9	–	–	–
1996	–	78.5	–	–	–
1997	–	74.5	–	–	–
1998	–	80.7	–	–	–
1999	–	92.3	–	–	–
2000	–	96.2	86.9	76.4	71.1
2001	–	97.6	–	–	72.9
2002	–	97.0	89.4	78.2	75.1
2003	–	96.0	90.6	–	78.6
2004	–	95.5	91.0	83.0	79.8
2005	–	93.6	92.0	87.0	80.6
2006	–	92.4	92.0	90.3	82.7
2007	–	92.2	91.6	93.0	84.1
2008	–	93.2	91.5	94.2	86.1
2009	–	96.4	89.9	98.3	85.9
2010	–	99.1	91.0	100.0	87.3
2011	–	100.9	91.0	101.2	88.4
2012	94.6	102.7	89.5	97.2	90.7
2013	104.1	104.5	99.2	98.1	93.3
2014	102.8	106.0	99.9	97.4	97.3
2015	101.1	107.5	100.9	97.7	101.0
2016	102.7	109.6	101.5	98.4	102.9
2017	103.0	110.4	102.3	99.2	105.1
2018	104.8	109.7	103.2	100.4	106.0
2019	103.7	110.5	104.4	102.0	105.5
2020	103.9	112.4	103.7	101.5	102.6
2021	106.3	115.7	106.7	103.0	98.3
2022	105.7	114.1	106.1	101.6	98.4
2023	–	105.6	105.8	–	102.1
2024	104.1	–	105.6	–	103.1

† series break

How to assess a government and its policies critically

Other factors that moved the same series

The cap amendment limits growth of federal primary spending; the education floor, in turn, began to grow with inflation (the gap between the two rules in the first years was not checked against budget data). States and municipalities, which account for most spending, are not subject to the federal cap. The recession and slow recovery affect the same series.

Limitations

The items on this page were written from research in secondary sources, without access to the official texts in the development environment; each item shows whether it was checked against the official record.
Mean years of schooling and adult literacy move slowly by construction and reflect decades of enrollment; a change within one term does not measure that term's policies. Enrollment series by level only start in 2007 or 2012, and the catalog has no learning series or federal spending in reais.

Sources

#	Number	Origin
1	131.8	siconfi.educ_uniao_paga BRA 2016 · National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on 2026-11-01
2	126.5	siconfi.educ_uniao_paga BRA 2018 · National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on 2026-11-01
3	45.5	siconfi.superior_uniao_paga BRA 2016 · National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on 2026-11-01
4	42.2	siconfi.superior_uniao_paga BRA 2018 · National Treasury — Siconfi (DCA) and Central Bank (IPCA) · Source version DCA 2014-2025; IPCA SGS 433 · Collected on 2026-11-01
5	6.3	wdi.se_xpd_totl_gd_zs BRA 2016 · World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version 2026-10-08 · Collected on 2026-11-01
6	6.1	wdi.se_xpd_totl_gd_zs BRA 2018 · World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version 2026-10-08 · Collected on 2026-11-01
7	1.2	wdi.gb_xpd_rsdv_gd_zs BRA 2016 · World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version 2026-10-08 · Collected on 2026-11-01
8	1.2	wdi.gb_xpd_rsdv_gd_zs BRA 2018 · World Bank — World Development Indicators · Source version 2026-10-08 · Collected on 2026-11-01

Education under Temer

What started

New fiscal regime (spending cap)

Secondary school reform

Fies reform

National Common Curriculum Base

More Literacy Program

Cuts, withholdings and limits

End of new undergraduate Science without Borders scholarships

Block on the science and technology budget that reached CNPq

Spending cap and the federal budget

Change in the series over the period

no lag

1-year lag

2-year lag

Pace before and during the government

Government expenditure on education (% of GDP)

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Federal spending paid on education (R$ billion, constant prices)

Federal spending paid on higher education (R$ billion, constant prices)

Mean years of schooling (UNDP)

Gross tertiary enrollment (% of school-age population)

Gross secondary enrollment (% of school-age population)

Other factors that moved the same series

Limitations

Sources