Gini index of household income per capita (Continuous PNAD)
Definition
Inequality of household income per capita from all sources, at average prices of the year, computed by IBGE from the annual Continuous PNAD. Ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1. IBGE's official series since 2012.
- Formula
- G = 1 − 2·∫₀¹ L(p) dp, over household income per capita, using survey weights.
- Unit
- index (0 to 1)
- Uncertainty
- 95% interval computed from the coefficient of variation published by IBGE: value ± 1.96 × value × CV.
- License
- LicenseRef-IBGE-reuse-with-attribution
Gini index of household income per capita (Continuous PNAD)
- Gini index of household income per capita (Continuous PNAD)
- Source: IBGE — SIDRA (Continuous PNAD) · Source version: 2026-05-08 · Collected on: 2026-10-26 · License: LicenseRef-IBGE-reuse-with-attribution
· Paper behind the metric: Medeiros, M
Uncertainty: 95% interval computed from the coefficient of variation published by IBGE: value ± 1.96 × value × CV.
Series breaks: 2020: Income from the Continuous PNAD 5th visit in 2020–2021 (pandemic). 2022: Return to the Continuous PNAD 1st visit.
Download data (CSV) · View the code: collection code · chart.ts
View the data as a table
| Year | Brazil |
|---|---|
| 2012 | 0.540 (0.534–0.546) |
| 2013 | 0.532 (0.526–0.538) |
| 2014 | 0.526 (0.520–0.532) |
| 2015 | 0.524 (0.517–0.531) |
| 2016 | 0.537 (0.529–0.545) |
| 2017 | 0.539 (0.532–0.546) |
| 2018 | 0.545 (0.535–0.555) |
| 2019 | 0.543 (0.536–0.550) |
| 2020 | 0.523 (0.515–0.531) † |
| 2021 | 0.543 (0.537–0.549) |
| 2022 | 0.517 (0.511–0.523) † |
| 2023 | 0.517 (0.510–0.524) |
| 2024 | 0.504 (0.498–0.510) |
| 2025 | 0.511 (0.505–0.517) |
Criticisms of the metric
- Household surveys underestimate top incomes; with tax data, top-income concentration is much higher and was stable between 2006 and 2012 (Medeiros, Souza and Castro, 2015).
- Not level-comparable with the old PNAD (to 2015); do not splice the two series.
- In 2020 and 2021 income comes from the 5th visit (pandemic); other editions use the 1st.
Series breaks
- 2020: Income from the Continuous PNAD 5th visit in 2020–2021 (pandemic).
- 2022: Return to the Continuous PNAD 1st visit.
References
- Medeiros, M., Souza, P. H. G. F., & Castro, F. A. (2015). O topo da distribuição de renda no Brasil: primeiras estimativas com dados tributários e comparação com pesquisas domiciliares (2006–2012). Dados, 58(1). doi:10.1590/00115258201537
- IBGE. SIDRA — Tabela 7435. https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/7435